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From page 157... ... , 135-136 Attention, 46~7 Automation and human factors, 41 44, 55 labor unions on, 106, 107-108, 109 and manning level, 61, USE, '~5 rules on, 151, 155 Autopilots, labor unions on, 106 B Boiler controls, automated, 5-6 Boredom, 46~7 Bridge(s) integrated, 41-42, 13~131 single-handed, 4~43, 13~131 157 Bridge 90, 130-131 Bureau Veritas, 101 C Canada Shipping Act, 102 Captains of the Port (COPTs) Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... , 80 Corporate training programs, 52-53 Cost effectiveness, labor unions on, 110 Coops, 82~3 Crew size, see Manning level; Manning reductions C-10 container ships, 12 D Deck department automation of, 43 and engine room automation, 44 innovations in, 4-5, ~7 manning reductions in, ~7, 62 Decklengine mechanic, 8, 153-154 Denmark, survey of, 103 Denny, M., 128 129 Det norske Veritas, 101 Disability, labor unions on, 106 107 Drug abuse, 44 45, 47 Dual-qualified officers, 7 and fatigue, 39 of Germany, 10, 50 of Japan, 49-50 of the Netherlands, 50-51 of the United States, 39~0, 51-52 EEl Estero (1926) , 135 Emergent conditions, in task analysis, 68, 127 Emergency response capacity, 32-33 Engineman, 153-154 Engine room innovations in, 4, 5~ manning reductions in, 62 unattended, 5, 6, 4~44 Equipment failures, 33 Exxon, mixed product tanker study by, 70-71 INDEX F Fatigue, 38 labor unions on, 106, 109 management of, 46 47 and safety, 15, 31-32 standard watch rotations and, 40~1, 46 work hours and, 31-32, 3800, 46 Federal Republic of Germany, see Germany Fire fighting, 68, 70 Functional model, for task analysis, 6~73 G Gaffney, Michael, 12~130 General-purpose ratings and fatigue, 39 in Germany, 010, 50 in Japan, 50 Germany crew size of, ~10 survey of, 102 training in, 50 H Hardware analysis, 64 Health, labor unions on, 10~107 Helmsman, labor unions on, 106 Human Action Sequence Model, 48 Human factors accident investigation, 48 analysis of, 45, 48 automation and, 4104, 55 drug and alcohol abuse, 41 45, 47 excessive workload, 47 fatigue and boredom, 46 47 management of, 45~8 recommendations on, 86 87 social interaction, 44, 47 training and certification, 4~54 watch rotations, 4~41 work hours, 3~40 I ILO, 82 IMO, see International Maritime Organization (IMO) Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... (1955) , 137 L Labor organizations information from, 10~121 safety concerns of, 30 Language difficulty, labor unions on, 106 Laws, on manning, 76-78, 133-138, 145-150 Licensing, see Certification 159 Liverpool Polytechnic, 128 Living conditions, 34, 44, 47 Lloyd's Register of Shipping survey of, 101 vessel loss data of, 21-22, 23 Lookout labor unions on, 105 rules on, 153 M Maintenance labor unions on, 107 and manning level, 61 and safety, 15, 32 Maintenance departments establishment of, 78-79, 139-140 and manning level, 141 manning reductions in, 7~8, 62 watch-standing requirements for, 138 140, 150-151, 155 work hour restrictions for, 14~141 Maintenancepersons, 13~141, 154 Management team, 11-12 Man-machine tradeoff study, 64 Manning level American President Lines C-9 container ship study of, 69-70 automation and, 61 description of model for, 65-68 in emergency conditions, 68 evaluation of model for, 69-71 Exxon mixed product tanker study of, 7~71 functional model for assessing, 63-73 innovation and, 61 international agreements affecting, 79-82 labor unions on, 108 limitations of model for, 72-73 maintenance and, 61 operating conditions affecting, 68-69 port state control of, 82-83 regulatory procedures for, 60-61 shipboard task analysis and, 63 64 statutory basis for, 76-78 traditional, 133 U.S Coast Guard certification procedures for, 59-62 utility of model for, 71-73 Manning reductions automated boiler controls in, 5 Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... , 130135 Oilers, 153-154 Oil spill data, 25, 26, 27 Operating conditions, affecting manning, 6~69 Organizational analyses, 64 Overtime work, 78, 137-138, 154 p Pacific Gulf Marine (PGM) , 12~129 Physical demands, 34 Pioneer Ship, 9, 11 Port state control, 82-83 Power failures, 33 Power plants, human factors and automation of, 55 R Radio officers, 153 Recertification, 54, 88 Registro Italiano Navale, 101 Regulatory policy administrative provisions for, 153-156 background of, 132-138 continuing problems with, 141-144 findings on, 83 ideal framework for, 74 inflexibility of, 141-143 international agreements affecting, 79-82 labor unions on, 109-110 on maintenancepemons, 13~141 need to modernize, 78-79 port state control of, 82-83 recommendations on, 88 rules, 15~153 in shipping vs. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... Hair (1928) , 135 Stanwick Corporation study, 126, 127 State-of-the-art ships, ~12 Statutes, on manning, 76-78, 13~138, 145-150 STCW, 80, 81 Steward's department, innovations in, 4, 7 Stress, 38 watch rotation system and, 40 161 Sweden, survey of, 103 Systems engineering approach, 12-13, 59, 63 64 T Tank vessels casualty data for, 2~25 manning standards for, 148 149 Task analysis functional model for, 63-73 previous research on, 126-131 Technology and fatigue and boredom, 46 making best use of, 12-13 and manning statutes, 76, 78 and recertification, 54 recommendations on, 86 TNO Institute of Perception, 130 131 Gaining corporate programs for, 52-53 in Germany, 50 in Japan, 49-50 labor unions on, 106, 107-108 in maritime academies and schools, 51-52 officer, 51-53 need for changes in, 4~49 in the Netherlands, 5~51 recommendations on, 87~8 and safety, 15, 33 in the United States, 51-54 of unlicensed crew membem, 33, 53-54 U Unattended engine room, 5, 6, 43~4 United Kingdom, survey of, 103 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... , 137n West Germany, see Germany Wheelhouse 90, 42-43 Williams, V E., 127-128 Work assignment restrictions, 77-78, 137 Work hours authority to set, 15~155 and fatigue, 31-32, 38~0, 46 for maintenance department, 14~141 statutory limitations of, 78, 137-138, 142n Workload and fatigue, 38 labor unions on, 108, 11~111 task analysis of, 47 y Yamanaka, Keiko, 129-130 Youngstown (1940) Read the entire page →

From page 157...

... , 135-136 Attention, 46~7 Automation and human factors, 41 44, 55 labor unions on, 106, 107-108, 109 and manning level, 61, USE, '~5 rules on, 151, 155 Autopilots, labor unions on, 106 B Boiler controls, automated, 5-6 Boredom, 46~7 Bridge(s) integrated, 41-42, 13~131 single-handed, 4~43, 13~131 157 Bridge 90, 130-131 Bureau Veritas, 101 C Canada Shipping Act, 102 Captains of the Port (COPTs)

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From page 158...

... , 80 Corporate training programs, 52-53 Cost effectiveness, labor unions on, 110 Coops, 82~3 Crew size, see Manning level; Manning reductions C-10 container ships, 12 D Deck department automation of, 43 and engine room automation, 44 innovations in, 4-5, ~7 manning reductions in, ~7, 62 Decklengine mechanic, 8, 153-154 Denmark, survey of, 103 Denny, M., 128 129 Det norske Veritas, 101 Disability, labor unions on, 106 107 Drug abuse, 44 45, 47 Dual-qualified officers, 7 and fatigue, 39 of Germany, 10, 50 of Japan, 49-50 of the Netherlands, 50-51 of the United States, 39~0, 51-52 EEl Estero (1926) , 135 Emergent conditions, in task analysis, 68, 127 Emergency response capacity, 32-33 Engineman, 153-154 Engine room innovations in, 4, 5~ manning reductions in, 62 unattended, 5, 6, 4~44 Equipment failures, 33 Exxon, mixed product tanker study by, 70-71 INDEX F Fatigue, 38 labor unions on, 106, 109 management of, 46 47 and safety, 15, 31-32 standard watch rotations and, 40~1, 46 work hours and, 31-32, 3800, 46 Federal Republic of Germany, see Germany Fire fighting, 68, 70 Functional model, for task analysis, 6~73 G Gaffney, Michael, 12~130 General-purpose ratings and fatigue, 39 in Germany, 010, 50 in Japan, 50 Germany crew size of, ~10 survey of, 102 training in, 50 H Hardware analysis, 64 Health, labor unions on, 10~107 Helmsman, labor unions on, 106 Human Action Sequence Model, 48 Human factors accident investigation, 48 analysis of, 45, 48 automation and, 4104, 55 drug and alcohol abuse, 41 45, 47 excessive workload, 47 fatigue and boredom, 46 47 management of, 45~8 recommendations on, 86 87 social interaction, 44, 47 training and certification, 4~54 watch rotations, 4~41 work hours, 3~40 I ILO, 82 IMO, see International Maritime Organization (IMO)

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From page 159...

... (1955) , 137 L Labor organizations information from, 10~121 safety concerns of, 30 Language difficulty, labor unions on, 106 Laws, on manning, 76-78, 133-138, 145-150 Licensing, see Certification 159 Liverpool Polytechnic, 128 Living conditions, 34, 44, 47 Lloyd's Register of Shipping survey of, 101 vessel loss data of, 21-22, 23 Lookout labor unions on, 105 rules on, 153 M Maintenance labor unions on, 107 and manning level, 61 and safety, 15, 32 Maintenance departments establishment of, 78-79, 139-140 and manning level, 141 manning reductions in, 7~8, 62 watch-standing requirements for, 138 140, 150-151, 155 work hour restrictions for, 14~141 Maintenancepersons, 13~141, 154 Management team, 11-12 Man-machine tradeoff study, 64 Manning level American President Lines C-9 container ship study of, 69-70 automation and, 61 description of model for, 65-68 in emergency conditions, 68 evaluation of model for, 69-71 Exxon mixed product tanker study of, 7~71 functional model for assessing, 63-73 innovation and, 61 international agreements affecting, 79-82 labor unions on, 108 limitations of model for, 72-73 maintenance and, 61 operating conditions affecting, 68-69 port state control of, 82-83 regulatory procedures for, 60-61 shipboard task analysis and, 63 64 statutory basis for, 76-78 traditional, 133 U.S Coast Guard certification procedures for, 59-62 utility of model for, 71-73 Manning reductions automated boiler controls in, 5

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From page 160...

... , 130135 Oilers, 153-154 Oil spill data, 25, 26, 27 Operating conditions, affecting manning, 6~69 Organizational analyses, 64 Overtime work, 78, 137-138, 154 p Pacific Gulf Marine (PGM) , 12~129 Physical demands, 34 Pioneer Ship, 9, 11 Port state control, 82-83 Power failures, 33 Power plants, human factors and automation of, 55 R Radio officers, 153 Recertification, 54, 88 Registro Italiano Navale, 101 Regulatory policy administrative provisions for, 153-156 background of, 132-138 continuing problems with, 141-144 findings on, 83 ideal framework for, 74 inflexibility of, 141-143 international agreements affecting, 79-82 labor unions on, 109-110 on maintenancepemons, 13~141 need to modernize, 78-79 port state control of, 82-83 recommendations on, 88 rules, 15~153 in shipping vs.

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From page 161...

... Hair (1928) , 135 Stanwick Corporation study, 126, 127 State-of-the-art ships, ~12 Statutes, on manning, 76-78, 13~138, 145-150 STCW, 80, 81 Steward's department, innovations in, 4, 7 Stress, 38 watch rotation system and, 40 161 Sweden, survey of, 103 Systems engineering approach, 12-13, 59, 63 64 T Tank vessels casualty data for, 2~25 manning standards for, 148 149 Task analysis functional model for, 63-73 previous research on, 126-131 Technology and fatigue and boredom, 46 making best use of, 12-13 and manning statutes, 76, 78 and recertification, 54 recommendations on, 86 TNO Institute of Perception, 130 131 Gaining corporate programs for, 52-53 in Germany, 50 in Japan, 49-50 labor unions on, 106, 107-108 in maritime academies and schools, 51-52 officer, 51-53 need for changes in, 4~49 in the Netherlands, 5~51 recommendations on, 87~8 and safety, 15, 33 in the United States, 51-54 of unlicensed crew membem, 33, 53-54 U Unattended engine room, 5, 6, 43~4 United Kingdom, survey of, 103 U.S.

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From page 162...

... , 137n West Germany, see Germany Wheelhouse 90, 42-43 Williams, V E., 127-128 Work assignment restrictions, 77-78, 137 Work hours authority to set, 15~155 and fatigue, 31-32, 38~0, 46 for maintenance department, 14~141 statutory limitations of, 78, 137-138, 142n Workload and fatigue, 38 labor unions on, 108, 11~111 task analysis of, 47 y Yamanaka, Keiko, 129-130 Youngstown (1940)

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Index Pages 157-162

Index
Pages 157-162