Tanker Spills Prevention by Design (1991) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 1-28
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
coast, the low silhouette of a laden tank vessel a tanker or barge is a common sight. These vessels carry the leading commodity in international trade, crude oil, and its many refined products such as gasoline.
|
From page 2... ...
Tank vessel traffic around the United States is heavy and likely to increase. Of the 1.7 billion tons2 of crude oil and products transported by sea annually worldwide (including intercoastal trade)
|
From page 3... ...
The projected increase in seaborne imports would lead to a 50 percent increase in tanker port calls to 21,000 by the year 2000, assuming no change in average tanker size. Regardless of the extent of the increase, these data portend the nation's growing reliance on foreign oil and petroleum products and on seaborne transport, which brings in most of the foreign supply.
|
From page 4... ...
· Traffic along the East Coast is primarily foreign imports of crude and refined products from the Persian Gulf, Africa, and the Caribbean. In addition, domestic movements from the Gulf to the East Coast brought total movements to an estimated 151 million tons.
|
From page 5... ...
comprising over a fifth of the total seaborne crude and product trade (125 million tons in 1988~. Most coastal activity, for tank vessels over 10,000 DWT, consists of lighteringi° of crude oil from large tankers to refineries along the Gulf Coast (22 percent)
|
From page 6... ...
Army Corps of Engineers data. Note: Texas City/Galveston, New Orleans and Seattle/ Puget Sound port calls are committee estimates derived from U.S.
|
From page 7... ...
_— go, ~ . ~15~~ o~0~ -0~\ FIGURE 1-5 World tanker fleet ownership 1990.
|
From page 8... ...
. With the preceding uncertainties noted, some specifics can be ascertained regarding tank vessels serving the United States.
|
From page 9... ...
9 o o ~ l O ~ A ~ ~ Oil 5: ~ i~u=, Cal ..
|
From page 10... ...
Accident-related spillage of crude oil and petroleum products from oceangoing tank vessels is not the major source of petroleum inputs to the sea, as shown in a 1985 report by the National Research Council. According to this analysis, tanker accidents accounted for approximately 13 percent (0.4 million tons)
|
From page 11... ...
These total losses, while large, reflect a major reduction from the nearly 1.5 million tons (estimated) spilled annually worldwide from both tanker operations and accidents during the late 1970s and early 1980s (National Research Council, 1985~.
|
From page 12... ...
The rate of serious casualties to oil and chemical tankers (6,000 GRT TABLE 1-2 Estimated World Maritime Operational and Accidental Sources of Oil Entering the Marine Environment (million tons annually) 1990~ 1981/852 1973/753 Bilge and Fuel Oil 0.25 0.31 *
|
From page 13... ...
reported by the International Maritime Organization was 1.92 incidents per 100 operating tankers in 1988. An analysis by the committee, comparing the estimated metric ton-miles of seaborne trade for crude oil and products to the number of serious casualties for the same tanker population, shows less change during the 1980s in serious casualties worldwide20 (see Figure 1-9~.
|
From page 14... ...
. Source: International Maritime Organization Analysis of Serious Casualties to Sea-Going Tankers, 1974-1988.
|
From page 15... ...
waters since 1980. Compared to worldwide spillage from major pollution incidents, major oil spills in U.S.
|
From page 16... ...
16 Do Ct lo Cal 50 _ sit Ct V ._ V 5= Ct at,:: ~ ~ LO to z Cal ~ ._ V)
|
From page 17... |
From page 18... ...
18 1 ~ cot ~ ~ ~ No ~ oo ON O ...
|
From page 19... ...
19 X : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : X · ~ no X · X · · .
|
From page 20... ...
The few but calamitous large spills, such as from the EXXON VALDEZ, emerge clearly from the statistics, but the smaller spills that are not among the top 50 also may have significant environmental consequences. In 1989 and early 1990, four tanker spills over 200,000 gallons (equivalent to 650 tons of crude, or 600 tons of fuel oil)
|
From page 21... ...
· The B.T. NAUTILUS, which grounded in the Kill van Kull waterway, New York Harbor, in 1990, and spilled over 700 tons of fuel oil.
|
From page 22... ...
Coast Guard/ Temple, Barker & Sloane, Inc. coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, causing significant short-term shoreline damage over much of the island and adjacent Puget Sound areas.
|
From page 23... ...
Unfortunately, there is little accident data that might relate crew casualties to the cause of the accident or the environment, or that might allow detailed analysis of how ship structure, compartment arrangements, ventilation, and safety systems relate to fatalities and injuries. The committee recognized, however, that steps to reduce pollution from tank vessels should not be taken without regard to the safety of the ship's crew.
|
From page 24... ...
. In contemplating alternative designs and operations for tank vessels, one way to define risk is to ask the following fundamental questions: · What can go wrong?
|
From page 25... ...
In the case of tank vessels, the ratio of oil gallons spilled per gallon transported may be useful. Based on Coast Guard statistics for 1974 through 1978, the ratio for tankers is 3.32 x 10-5, (i.e., 3.3 gallons lost per 100,000 gallons transported)
|
From page 26... ...
First, a threat of pollution exists wherever tank vessels travel, and traffic around the United States appears to be increasing. In addition, the type and condition of tank vessels traveling in U.S.
|
From page 27... ...
Coast Guard, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, and the International Maritime Organization. The following terms are used in this report: Groundings.
|
From page 28... ...
1990. Letter report to the Committee on Tank Vessel Design, NRC, April 6, 1990.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.