Tanker Spills Prevention by Design (1991) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Index
Index
Pages 339-350
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 339... ...
See also Asphalt, 66 Oil outflow; Pollution; Pollution prevention; Pollution risk Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 53-54n.14 Alaska oil traffic patterns from, 4 production level projections for, 3 tanker use in, 6 Aluminum sacrificial anodes, 67 ALVENUS, 15 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) rules, 47 AMERICAN TRADER, 15, 21 AMOCO CADIZ, 15, 71, 161 Analytical approach, costs and benefits of to assessment of environmental damage'160-161 to identification of base case, 159160 to natural resource damage and recovery, 161 - 163 to placing dollar values on cost of spills, 163- 165 339 B Ballast tanks.
|
From page 340... ...
See Grinding bow B.T. NAUTILUS, 21 Buckling inspection to detect, 216 of internal structures, 32 Bulkheads in collisions or groundings, 58-59 dimensional considerations for, 8385, 218 BURMAH AGATE, 15, 20 Capital costs, 168, 169 Cargo non-polluting, 29 INDEX removal from damaged tanks of, 93 research on influence of, 187 sloshing of, 123, 210, 211, 214 Cargo capacity of double bottoms, double sides, and double hulls, 218, 220, 222 of segregated ballast tanks, 221-225 tanker types and, 85 of 35,000 DWT tankers, 218-225 Cargo piping in ballast tanks, xxiii description of, 34-35 location of, 95, 99 Cargo systems description of, 34-35 oil outflow and, 94, 95 pumping capability of, 94-96, 99 Cargo transfer systems committee view of, xxiii, xxvi, 140 in double bottoms, 116 for enhanced accident response, 112113, 139-140 Casualty databases, improving, 186-187 Ceramic coating on hulls, 110-111, 137 committee view of, 137, 140 CHEVRON OREGON, ix Chevron Shipping Company report, 89, 226-237 Classification societies definition of, 44 differences among, 33 examination of strength standards by, 81 requirements of, 44-45, 98 on use of scantlings, 211 Coast Guard, U.S.
|
From page 341... ...
See also Tanker stability calculation of, 97 of double hulls, xxv, 99, 223, 229237 35,000 DWT tankers and, 218-225 Damage survivability criteria for, 83-84 MARPOL requirements for, 200 Databases, casualty, 186-187 Deadweight, ratio to lightweight, 30, 32 Deadweight capacity, effect of concrete hull structure on, 137 Deadweight-limited carriers, 42-43, 53n.9 Death, causes of, 23 Deck, intermediate oil-tight, 106-107 Deflecting hull committee view of, 133, 140 for penetration resistance, 1 10-1 1 1, 132-133, 140 Design. See also Design alternatives classification requirements for, 44-46 Coast Guard role in, xviii, 47 committee evaluation of, ix, xxi-xxiii debate over, vii domestic legal requirements for, 44 hull strength and, 77-82.
|
From page 342... ...
report, xix, 102, 141, 238 content list, 241 estimated oil outflow from 80,000 DWT tanker, 144, 294-296 estimated oil outflow in collision and grounding, 85, 243-251 interpretations and comments of committee concerning, 299-302 81 outflow estimates, xix, 330-333 preamble, 240 probabilistic ranking of 40,000 DWT tankers, 142, 148-151, 278-293 probabilistic ranking of VLCC designs, 145- 148, 252-277 INDEX references, 298 scope of work, 242 summary, 239, 297 Distressed-ship cargo transfer systems xxiii, xxvi, 112-113, 116, 139-140 Double bottom, imaginary, 108- 109, 130-131, 140 Double-bottom tankers arrangements in, 86, 87 ballast requirements for, 84 as barriers, 104- 105, 114- 117 cargo capacity of, 218, 220, 222 committee view of, xxi, xxiv, 92, 116, 117, 141 damage stability of, 223 height requirements for (Chevron Shipping Company) , 226-228 oil outflow in, 8, 92, 116 OPA 90 requirements for, 47 transport costs for, 312 in U.S.
|
From page 343... ...
, 3 Energy sources, alternative, 176 Engineering analysis, tanker design based on, 211 -214 Environmental damage caused by spills, 20-22 decrease in, 164- 165 economic assessment of, 160- 161 343 ESSO PUERTO RICO, 15 Exclusive Economic Zone, 46, 54n.15 Expert judgement technique data analysis method in, 317-318 methodology overview of, 314-315 rating method used in, 175, 314, 322 results and conclusions of, 318-321 rules for, 315-317 conditions for, 66-67 definition of, 28n.18 design features for safety in, 97-98 hazards of, xxiii, xxiv, 23, 65-66 inert gas systems to resolve problem of, 32 outside of cargo tanks, 67, 69 spills resulting from, 15- 17 EXXON VALDEZ committee tour of, ix, 61 cost of spillage, 160, 163, 174 potential net buoyancy of remaining oil in hull, 97 spillage from, vii, xvii, 20, 24, 71, 179 F Fatigue and fracture mechanic analysis, 214 Fatigue resistance, 33 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) , 164 Finite element analysis (FEM)
|
From page 344... ...
See Hydrostatically balanced loading Hydrostatic equilibrium, 74, 96 Hydrostatic pressure, 71-74, 92 Hydrostatically balanced loading barges and, 141 committee view of, xxi-xxii, xxiv, 124, 141 explanation of, 72, 73 and oil outflow management, 106107, 122-124, 127 requirements for, xxvi-xxvii Hydrostatically driven vacuum, 108109, 129-130 Hypothetical outflow of oil formulas for, 41-42 MARPOL requirements for, 201-202 I Ignition sources. See Explosions; Fires Imaginary double bottom committee view of, 131, 140
|
From page 345... ...
conferences of 1973 and 1978, 42 implementation of conventions of, 43 involvement in research, 189 pollution-prevention provisions of, XXVI responsibilities of, xviii, xxiii, 39 structural design standards of, 52, 89, 226 International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) , 163- 164 J Japanese research projects, 183 Jones Act ships, 7, 177 K L implementation of international, 43-44 MARPOL requirements and U.S., 4647 Lighter size, 36 Lightering to avoid compliance, 176, 177 in coastal activity, 5 to extinction, 35 as ignition source, 67 process of, 35-36, 93 reliability and safety of, 36 Lightning.
|
From page 346... ...
report from double bottoms, 8, 92, 116 in double hulls, xx, 120 effects of, 161 - 162, 179 50 major accidents resulting in, 13, 15-17 hypothetical, 41-42, 201-202 per gallon ratios of, 25-26 physical mechanisms governing, 7174 risk of, xvii-xviii. See also Pollution risk ullage space and, 72, 74, 106-107 Oil outflow management barges and, 142 convertible tanks for, 106- 107, 127, 140 explanation of, 122 hydrostatically balanced loading for, 106-107, 122-124, 127 hydrostatically driven vacuum for, 108-109, 129-130 imaginary double bottom for, 108109, 130-131.
|
From page 347... ...
See Oil outflow traffic patterns from imported, 4 347 Piping systems, 34-35 Pitting process, 70 Plating rupture, 60-61 Plimsoll Mark, 39-40 Pollution accidents resulting in, 10-13, 26 caused by ballast water, 35 caused by fires or explosions, 15 outflow management to limit, 106109, 122-132 Pollution control analysis and committee conclusions from DnV analysis, 151, 299-302 and estimated outflow from 80,000 DWT tankers, 149, 296, 302 and ranking of 40,000 DWT tankers, 148-150 and ranking of VLCC tankers, 144148 of selected design and design combinations, 143- 144 Pollution prevention barriers for, 104-105, 114-122, 132 classification requirements for, 44-46 Coast Guard responsibilities for, 4751 domestic legal requirements for, 44 implementation of international law regarding, 43-44 implementation of U.S. requirements for, 46-47 international legal requirements for, 39-42 significance of MARPOL for, 42-43 Pollution risk acceptability of, 24-26 background of, 23-24 control of, ix, xviii, 110-111, 132137 defining, 24 of transporting oil by tanker, 26 Port depth limitations, U.S., 8 Port states explanation of, 8 regulations of, 44 Ports requirements for, 34
|
From page 348... ...
. See also Ballast tanks arrangements, 86-88 cargo capacity of, 221-225 oil outflow in, 155 protective location for, xxvi, 104105, 219, 221 requirements for, xxvi, 40, 42-43, 53n.5, 83 safety of crew and condition of, 9798 salvage concerns related to, 89-97 susceptibility to corrosion of, 70-71, 80 Service tank location, 108- 109, 132 Shear forces, 209 Ship owner associations, 183 Ship to Ship Transfer Guide, 36 Shipping regulation enforcement, vii Single-port moorings (SPMs)
|
From page 349... ...
See Tanker Stability Static electricity, as ignition source, 66 Steel high-strength, 32 high-tensile, 80-81 high-yield, 110-111, 136, 141 Steel-on-steel contact, 67 Stress analysis application of, 30, 32 hull strength and, 79 Stress corrosion, 70 Structural behavior criteria for, 52 need to understand, 185- 186 Structural/machinery damage in collisions or groundings, 59 definition of, 28n.18 Structural weight reduction, 30, 32 Submerged reefs, 91 Surveys large tanker structural, 215-217 types of, 45-46 349 T Tank cleaning, 215-216 Tank subdivision requirements, 42, 204-207 Tank vessel age, 22-23, 178 Tank vessel size. See also various types of tankers casualties and, 22, 37, 38 as design issue, 82-85 increases in, 30, 31 limitations on, 40-41, 202-204 trend to less-regulated, 176 in U.S.
|
From page 350... ...
See Tank vessels Vibration analysis, 214 VLCCs (very large crude carriers) committee interpretations of DnV report regarding, 300-301 inspection of, 81-82 oil outflow from, 85, 144, 152, 153, 331-332 probabilistic ranking of, 144- 148, 252-277, 297 structural surveys of, 46, 215-217 Void spaces in double-bottom tankers, 90-94 flooding of, xxv risk due to, xxiv, xxv in small tanks, xx Voyage costs, 168 W Water, green, 210 Weight reduction, structural, 30, 32 Welding improvements, 30, 32 West Coast traffic patterns, 4 WORLD PRODIGY, 20 z Zinc sacrificial anodes, 67
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.