Improving the Compatibility of Vehicles and Roadside Safety Hardware (2004) / Chapter Skim
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From page 12... ...
7 Chapter 2 Analysis of Real World Crash Information An investigation of cases in the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data Systems (NASS/CDS)
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8 Midsized 3500 lb. ≤ Weight ≤ 4850 lb.
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9 Figure 2.01 Crash involvement of passenger vehicles by impact mode (1998-2000 NASS/CDS) Fatality rates for each vehicle class were also investigated.
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10 Body Type Ave. Occupants Per Vehicle Percent Difference vs.
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11 Rollover Cases Included All Crashes Guardrails Concrete Barriers Posts/Poles Comp Car 192.2 Mid SUV 8.6 Lrg SUV 2.3 Comp Car 14.3 Comp Trk 189.4 Lrg SUV 7.5 Comp SUV 1.9 Mid Car 13.4 Lrg SUV 189.1 Comp Car 5.8 Mid SUV 1.8 Comp Trk 12.9 Mid SUV 176.6 Mid Car 5.7 Comp Car 1.4 Lrg SUV 11.9 Mid Car 168.5 Comp SUV 5.6 Mid Car 1.2 Lrg Car 10.1 Comp SUV 156.9 Comp Trk 4.9 Lrg Van 0.9 Mid SUV 9.9 Lrg Car 133.6 Lrg Trk 4.6 Mid Van 0.9 Comp SUV 9.6 Mid Van 117.1 Lrg Car 4.3 Lrg Car 0.9 Lrg Trk 7.2 Lrg Trk 111.3 Mid Van 4.2 Comp Trk 0.9 Lrg Van 5.7 Lrg Van 87.5 Lrg Van 3.9 Lrg Trk 0.6 Mid Van 4.8 Table 2.03 Fatality rates for each vehicle class ranked from highest to lowest Rollover Cases Excluded All Crashes Guardrails Concrete Barriers Posts/Poles Comp Car 147.6 Mid Car 3.4 Comp Car 0.9 Comp Car 10.5 Mid Car 130.4 Comp Car 3.3 Mid Car 0.8 Mid Car 9.7 Comp Trk 112.7 Lrg Car 2.8 Lrg SUV 0.7 Lrg Car 7.8 Lrg Car 110.9 Mid SUV 2.5 Lrg Car 0.7 Comp Trk 7.8 Lrg SUV 78.9 Comp SUV 2.2 Mid Van 0.5 Lrg SUV 5.5 Mid Van 74.1 Comp Trk 2.0 Comp SUV 0.4 Lrg Trk 3.9 Lrg Trk 62.3 Lrg Trk 1.9 Lrg Van 0.4 Mid SUV 3.7 Mid SUV 59.5 Mid Van 1.9 Comp Trk 0.3 Lrg Van 3.6 Comp SUV 58.8 Lrg SUV 1.4 Mid SUV 0.3 Comp SUV 3.5 Lrg Van 48.9 Lrg Van 1.4 Lrg Trk 0.3 Mid Van 2.9 Table 2.04 Fatality rates excluding rollover-involved fatalities for each vehicle class ranked from highest to lowest The NASS/CDS database was also used to assess fatality counts for impacts where the most harmful event was contact with a roadside hardware object. Fatality trends in impacts involving these objects were found per vehicle class based on the population of those vehicles on the road from 1990-2000.
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12 2.2 Single Vehicle Crash Case Reviews In order to examine the vehicle to guardrail interaction more closely and identify compatibility issues, a thorough investigation of individual crash cases from the NASS/CDS database was performed. A webbased query tool was developed to facilitate access to complete NASS/CDS case information.
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13 difficult to discern if final rest position and impact trajectory is unavailable. The data presented here is based on the best available crash information available within the NASS/CDS database.
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14 Case 1: 1998-75-154 In this case, a driver of a Toyota 4-Runner lost control while attempting a right-hand turn. Once out of control, the vehicle impacted a guardrail, climbed over the rail and subsequently rolled over.
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15 1 Case 1998-75-154 Summary: V1 WAS TRAVELING WESTBOUND ON A TWO LANE TWO-WAY ROADWAY.
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16 Occupant: 1998-75-154-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 3 Rollover Initiation Type CLIMB-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object OTHER BARRIER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied UNDERCARRIAGE Direction of Initial Roll ROLL LEFT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 5 QUARTER TURNS Impact Speed < 0.5 KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with SEVERE 3 Sequence number CDC 0 T Z D O 6 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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17 Case 2: 2000-12-4 In this case a Pontiac Grand Prix was traveling on a snowy road when it lost control. A clockwise rotation was induced and the vehicle went off of the road to the right.
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18 2 Case 2000-12-4 Summary: V1 WAS HEADED NORTH ON A 3 LANE, SNOWY, ASPHALT ROADWAY AFTER DARK AND WITH LITTLE OR NO ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.
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19 Occupant: 2000-12-4-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 2 Rollover Initiation Type TRIP-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object OTHER FIXED OBJECT Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied WHEELS/TIRES Direction of Initial Roll ROLL LEFT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 5 QUARTER TURNS Impact Speed < 0.5 KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 1 Sequence Number CDC 11 L D E W 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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20 Case 3: 1999-11-70 This case showed a Ford Escort that impacted a concrete barrier while trying to avoid another car. The occupant in this case suffered severe injuries, although he was belted and did not hit a concrete barrier at a severe angle.
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21 3 Case 1999-11-70 Summary: V1 A 1988 FORD ESCORT WAS TRAVELING WESTBOUND IN LANE TWO ON AN EXPRESSWAY.
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22 Occupant: 1999-11-70-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 1 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed 998 Total, Longitudal, and 30 28 10 Lateral delta-V Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 1 Sequence Number CDC 11 F D E W 2 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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23 Case 4: 2000-13-113 In this case, an Oldsmobile Cutlass drifted off of the road and impacted a guardrail without an end terminal head on. The vehicle was severely damaged and the occupant was fatally injured.
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24 4 Case 2000-13-113 Summary: DRIVER WAS NORTHBOUND IN THE RIGHT LANE ON A WET 2 LANE EXPRESSWAY WHEN SHE DRIFTED OFF THE RIGHT SHOULDER AND STRUCK A GUARDRAIL HEAD-ON.
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25 Occupant: 2000-13-113-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 1 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed < 0.5KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 1 Sequence Number CDC 12 F D E W 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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26 Case 5: 1997-12-114 This case indicates correct performance of a guardrail where a severe injury still occurred. In this case a Mercury Sable left the road and impacted a double W-beam guardrail installation (mounted one above the other)
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27 5 Case 1997-12-114 Summary: V1 WAS SOUTHBOUND ON AN EXPRESSWAY.
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28 Occupant: 1997-12-114-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 3 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed < 0.5 KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with MODERATE 1 Sequence Number CDC 1 F D E W 1 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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29 Case 6: 1998-6-31 End Terminal - Door Penetration This case is an example of a guardrail terminal penetration into the side structure of a car. In this case, a Lexus GS 300 lost control and spun into the median.
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30 6 Case 1998-6-31 Summary: V1 TRAVELING EAST ON A 3 LANE, 1 WAY HIGHWAY.
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31 Occupant: 1998-6-31-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 2 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed < 0.5 KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with >24 AND <40 KMPH 2 Sequence Number CDC 11 L Y A W 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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32 Case 7: 1997-41-51 During this case, a Ford Explorer collided with another passenger vehicle. This force the Explorer to veer into concrete median barrier at a fairly steep impact angle (estimated 45 deg.)
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33 7 Case 1997-41-51 Summary: V1 WAS TRAVELING SOUTHBOUND ON SIX LANE INTERSTATE ROADWAY, ROAD SURFACE BLACKTOP, LEVEL, WET DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS.
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34 Occupant: 1997-41-51-2-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 4 Rollover Initiation Type BOUNCE-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object CONCRETE BARRIER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied END PLANE Direction of Initial Roll ROLL RIGHT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 1 QUARTER TURN Impact Speed 998 Total, Longitudal, and 27 -24 14 Lateral delta-V Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 2 Sequence Number CDC 11 F D E W 2 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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35 Case 8: 1997-6-92 In this case, a grossly overloaded (11 occupants) Isuzu Rodeo collided with a concrete barrier.
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36 8 Case 1997-6-92 Summary: V1 TRAVELING EAST ON A 3 LANE POSITIVLY DIVIDED HIGHWAY.
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37 Occupant: 1997-6-92-1-4 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 2 Rollover Initiation Type BOUNCE-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object CONCRETE BARRIER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied SIDE PLANE Direction of Initial Roll ROLL RIGHT Age 2 Height 61 Weight 23 Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 1 QUARTER TURN Impact Speed < 0.5KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with MODERATE 2 Sequence Number CDC 0 R D A O 2 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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38 Case 9: 1998-72-44 The events of this case include a Chevrolet Blazer drifting off of the left side of the road and impacting a concrete median barrier. This impact caused the Blazer to roll and resulted in a severe head injury for the driver.
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39 9 Case 1998-72-44 Summary: V1 WAS TRAVELING SOUTHBOUND ON A TWO-LANE DIVIDED EXPRESSWAY RAMP IN THE SECOND TRAVEL LANE.
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40 Occupant: 1998-72-44-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 2 Rollover Initiation Type BOUNCE-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object CONCRETE BARRIER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied END PLANE Direction of Initial Roll ROLL RIGHT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 1 QUARTER TURN Impact Speed < 0.5KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 1 Sequence Number CDC 0 F 9 9 9 0 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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41 Case 10: 1998-49-184 This case involved a Ford Explorer that lost control on a 3 lane divided highway. In the first collision, the Explorer hit a concrete median barrier dividing the opposing lanes of traffic.
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42 10 Case 1998-49-184 Summary: V1 WAS TRAVELING NB IN THE 1ST LANE OF A WET 3-LANE DIVIDED CONCRETE URBAN TOLLWAY.
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43 Occupant: 1998-49-184-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 4 Rollover Initiation Type TRIP-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object GROUND Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied WHEELS/TIRES Direction of Initial Roll ROLL LEFT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 4 QUARTER TURN Impact Speed < 0.5KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with MINOR 1 Sequence Number CDC 3 F D E W 1 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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44 Case 11: 1998-49-71 This case involved a Jeep Grand Cherokee that failed to negotiate a right hand turn. The vehicle engaged a guardrail surrounding the turn, however the vehicle climbed over the guardrail and a roll was induced.
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45 11 Case 1998-49-71 Summary: V1 ON EXIT RAMP FROM A N
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46 Occupant: 1998-49-71-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 2 Rollover Initiation Type CLIMB-OVER Location of Rollover Initiation ROADSIDE/MEDIAN Rollover Initiation Object OTHER BARRIER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied UNDERCARRIAGE Direction of Initial Roll ROLL LEFT Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns 5 QUARTER TURN Impact Speed < 0.5KMPH Total, Longitudal, and < 0.5 KMPH < 0.5 KMPH < Lateral delta-V 0.5 KMPH Estimated delta-V with MODERATE 2 Sequence Number CDC 0 T D D O 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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47 Case 12: 2000-9-15 In Case 2000-9-15, a Toyota 4-Runner impacted an Acura Integra. After this initial collision, the damaged 4-runner collided with the guardrail at a moderate angle.
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48 12 Case 2000-9-15 Summary: V1, A 1997 ACURA INTEGRA WAS TRAVELING EAST, IN LANE THREE, OF A FOUR LANE DIVIDED HIGHWAY(JERSEY WALL LEFT GUARDRAIL RIGHT)
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49 Occupant: 2000-9-15-1-1 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 5 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed 998 Total, Longitudal, and 33 11 -31 Lateral delta-V Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 1 Sequence Number CDC 4 R P A W 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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50 Case 13: 1998-12-54 A Jeep Grand Cherokee lost control while traveling and struck its left rear on a concrete retaining wall. The driver, while trying to regain control, then hit another guardrail with the left front of the vehicle.
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51 13 Case 1998-12-54 Summary: VEHICLE ONE WAS HEADING EAST ON A TWO LANE, TWO WAY, ICY, ASPHALT ROADWAY.
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52 Occupant: 1998-12-54-1-2 Rollover Classification Number of Harmful Events 3 Rollover Initiation Type NO ROLLOVER Location of Rollover Initiation NO ROLLOVER Rollover Initiation Object NO ROLLOVER Contacted Location on Vehicle where Principal Tripping Force was Applied NO ROLLOVER Direction of Initial Roll NO ROLLOVER Crash Severity Nr. Quarter Turns NO ROLLOVER Impact Speed 998 Total, Longitudal, and 45 –22 39 Lateral delta-V Estimated delta-V with DELTA V CODED 3 Sequence Number CDC 10 L D A W 3 Run off Road Damage (C1-C6)
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From page 58... ...
53 2.2.1 Case Review Summary The NASS/CDS cases reviewed above indicate that a series of vehicle and roadside device characteristics are critical for the proper performance of the vehicle/roadway system in the event of a crash. These characteristics are as follows: • Vehicle CG height • Vehicle Frontal Overhang (propensity for Snagging)
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From page 59... ...
54 vehicle sensor systems and deployment algorithms effectively select deployment regimes to best protect occupants. This testing should be conducted for all vehicle body types.
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