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From page 119... ... CHAPTER 6 SHAKE TABLE TEST RESULTS TESTING RESULTS System Identification Before the abutment model was subjected to large ground accelerations, System Identification (SI) tests were conducted in order to identify the natural frequency of the abutment and its components. Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 116 Figure 6.1: Example Plots of Transfer Functions Showing 2.3 Hz and 8.5 Hz Modes Also shown in Figure 6.1 and Table 6.1 is the horizontal natural frequency of the abutment, measured at 8.5 Hz. Using the measured natural frequency of the abutment, its lateral stiffness can be estimated by solving for K from: M K f =22 4π 430,2525.85.8844 2222 =×××== ππ fMK kN/m The mass, M, includes the self weight of the abutment plus the vertical reaction from bridge superstructure. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... 117 shown in Figures 6.3 and 6.4, visible horizontal and vertical displacement of the sill were observed. Cable extensiometers and LVDTs measurements will be detailed later in this Chapter. Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... 118 Figure 6.3: Photograph of Sill Movement (Back) after 0.15 g Test at 1.5 Hz Figure 6.4: Photograph of Sill Movement (Front) Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... 119 Figure 6.5: Photograph of Abutment Separation from Backwall after 0.15 g Test at 1.5 Hz During the 0.15 g test, the steel safety and bearing frame (the green frame in Figure 5.2, Chapter 5) began shaking unexpectedly in the direction of the table motion. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... 120 began to have minor cracks as shown in Figure 6.6. The separation between the backwall and the abutment during 0.67 g test continued to widen from the top down. Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... 121 reinforced soil behind them. It should be noted that the blocks serve as a facing and not as a structural component of the GRS abutment. Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... 122 Figure 6.7: Photograph of GRS Abutment and Bridge after 1.0 g Test at 3 Hz Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... 123 Figure 6.8: Photograph of Block Damage after 1.0 g Test at 3 Hz Figure 6.9: Photograph of Abutment Separation from Backwall (Side View) after 1.0 g Test at 3 Hz Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... 124 Figure 6.10: Photograph of Abutment Separation from Backwall (Top View) after 1.0 g Test at 3 Hz Figure 6.11: Photograph of Abutment Sill Movement after 1.0 g Test at 3 Hz Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... 125 SINUSOIDAL TEST RESULTS Table 6.2 presents details of the five-stage test performed. For simplicity, the stages are named "Tests 1 to 5", indicating that these stages represent separate seismic events that occurred sequentially. Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... 126 tests (see Table 6.2) Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... 127 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 Ac ce le ra tio n, g Shake Table longitudinal acceleration Shake Table lateral acceleration Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical acceleration TEST 1 Figure 6.12: Shake Table Acceleration History (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... 128 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -2 0 2 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 -0.30 0.00 0.30 A14 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A 13 A 2 A 1 A 15 A 17 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 20 A 16 A 18 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s TEST 1 Figure 6.13: Measured Accelerations (g) in all accelerometers (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... 129 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 Time, s -0.40 0.00 0.40 A cc el er at io n, g A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 6 A 13 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 8 A 7 5 10 15 20 TEST 1 Figure 6.14: Measured Accelerations at Facing Blocks (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... 130 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 A 13 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 25 A 20 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s Ac ce le ra tio n, g Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 1 Figure 6.15: Measured Accelerations in Upper Zone (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... 131 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 A 13 A 15 A 16 A 18 A 20 A 25 A 17 A 19 A 23 A 1 A 6 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 1 Figure 6.16: Measured Accelerations at Selected Locations (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... 132 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Shake Table longitudinal displacement Shake Table lateral displacement Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical displacement TEST 1 Shake Table roll 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.17: Shake Table Displacement History (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... 133 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 La te ra l D is pl ac em en t, in ch es LVDT 11 LVDT 10 LVDT 12 LVDT 13 LVDT 9 LVDT 8 LVDT 7 LVDT 6 LVDT 5 LVDT 4 LVDT 3 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 x-Displacement (-) TEST 1 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.18: Measured Displacements at Facing (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... 134 0.000.501.001.50 X-Displacement, inches 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1 0 1 2 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-Displacement z-Displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... 135 0.000.501.001.502.002.50 X-Displacement, inches 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement Point 2 Point 2 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... 136 0.000.501.001.502.002.50 X-Displacement, inches 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es X-Displacement z-Displacement Point 3 Point 3 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... 137 -2-101234 X-Displacement, inches -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... 138 0.000.250.500.751.00 X-Displacement, inches 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... 139 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 St ra in , % -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 14S 13 S 2S 1 S 15 S 17 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 S 11 S 12 S 19 S 20S16 S18 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 10 TEST 1 Figure 6.24: Measured Strains in Geosynthetic layers 3 (bottom row) Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... 140 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si -5 0 5 10 15 å h , p si -5 0 5 å h , p si -2 0 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 3 å h , p si 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 å v , p si P 9 P 8 P 7 P 6 P 5 P 2 P 10 P 1 P 4 P 3 TEST 1 1 psi=6.9 kPa Figure 6.25: Measured Earth Pressures (Test 1) Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... 141 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 Ac ce le ra tio n, g Shake Table longitudinal acceleration Shake Table lateral acceleration Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical acceleration TEST 2 Figure 6.26: Shake Table Acceleration History (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... 142 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -2 0 2 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 A 14 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A 13 A 2 A 1 A 15 A 17 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 20 A 16 A 18 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s TEST 2 Figure 6.27: Measured Accelerations (g) in all accelerometers (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... 143 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 -0.40 0.00 0.40 Time, s -0.40 0.00 0.40 A cc el er at io n, g A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 6 A 13 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 8 A 7 5 10 15 20 TEST 2 Figure 6.28: Measured Accelerations at Facing Blocks (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... 144 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 A 13 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 25 A 20 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s Ac ce le ra tio n, g Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 2 Figure 6.29: Measured Accelerations in Upper Zone (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... 145 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50 A 13 A 15 A 16 A 18 A 20 A 25 A 17 A 19 A 23 A 1 A 6 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A cc el er at io n, g TEST 2 Figure 6.30: Measured Accelerations at Selected Locations (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... 146 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Shake Table longitudinal displacement Shake Table lateral displacement Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical displacement TEST 2 Shake Table roll 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.31: Shake Table Displacement History (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... 147 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 La te ra l D is pl ac em en t, in ch es LVDT 11 LVDT 10 LVDT 12 LVDT 13 LVDT 9 LVDT 8 LVDT 7 LVDT 6 LVDT 5 LVDT 4 LVDT 3 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 x-Displacement (-) TEST 2 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.32: Measured Displacements at Facing (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... 148 0.700.800.90 X-Displacement, inches 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090Z -D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-Displacement z-Displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... 149 1.201.301.40 X-Displacement, inches 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement Point 2 Point 2 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... 150 1.201.301.401.50 X-Displacement, inches 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es X-Displacement z-Displacement Point 3 Point 3 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... 151 1.001.502.002.50 X-Displacement, inches 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... 152 0.550.600.650.70 X-Displacement, inches 0.25 0.30 0.35 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... 153 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 St ra in , % -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 14S 13 S 2S 1 S 15 S 17 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 S 11 S 12 S 19 S 20S16 S18 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 10 TEST 2 Figure 6.38: Measured Strains in Geosynthetic layers 3 (bottom row) Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... 154 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si -5 0 5 10 15 å h , p si -5 0 5 å h , p si -2 0 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 3 å h , p si 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 å v , p si P 9 P 8 P 7 P 6 P 5 P 2 P 10 P 1 P 4 P 3 TEST 2 1 psi=6.9 kPa Figure 6.39: Measured Earth Pressures (Test 2) Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... 155 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 Ac ce le ra tio n, g Shake Table longitudinal acceleration Shake Table lateral acceleration Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical acceleration TEST 3 Figure 6.40: Shake Table Acceleration History (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 156 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -2 0 2 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 -0.80 0.00 0.80 A 14 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A 13 A 2 A 1 A 15 A 17 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 20 A 16 A 18 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s TEST 3 Figure 6.41: Measured Accelerations (g) in all accelerometers (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... 157 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Time, s -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 A cc el er at io n, g A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 6 A 13 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 8 A 7 5 10 15 20 TEST 3 Figure 6.42: Measured Accelerations at Facing Blocks (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... 158 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 A 13 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 25 A 20 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s Ac ce le ra tio n, g Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 3 Figure 6.43: Measured Accelerations in Upper Zone (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... 159 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 A 13 A 15 A 16 A 18 A 20 A 25 A 17 A 19 A 23 A 1 A 6 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 3 Figure 6.44: Measured Accelerations at Selected Locations (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... 160 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Shake Table longitudinal displacement Shake Table lateral displacement Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical displacement TEST 3 Shake Table roll 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.45: Shake Table Displacement History (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... 161 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 La te ra l D is pl ac em en t, in ch es LVDT 11 LVDT 10 LVDT 12 LVDT 13 LVDT 9 LVDT 8 LVDT 7 LVDT 6 LVDT 5 LVDT 4 LVDT 3 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 x-Displacement (-) TEST 3 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.46: Measured Displacements at Facing (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... 162 0.700.800.90 X-Displacement, inches 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100Z -D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-Displacement z-Displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... 163 1.201.301.401.50 X-Displacement, inches 1.30 1.40 1.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement Point 2 Point 2 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... 164 1.201.301.401.501.60 X-Displacement, inches 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es X-Displacement z-Displacement Point 3 Point 3 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... 165 0.901.301.702.102.50 X-Displacement, inches 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... 166 0.500.600.700.80 X-Displacement, inches 0.25 0.30 0.35 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... 167 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 St ra in , % -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 14S 13 S 2S 1 S 15 S 17 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 S 11 S 12 S 19 S 20S16 S18 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 10 TEST 3 Figure 6.52: Measured Strains in Geosynthetic layers 3 (bottom row) Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... 168 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si -5 0 5 10 15 å h , p si -5 0 5 å h , p si -2 0 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 3 å h , p si 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 å v , p si P 9 P 8 P 7 P 6 P 5 P 2 P 10 P 1 P 4 P 3 TEST 3 1 psi=6.9 kPa Figure 6.53: Measured Earth Pressures (Test 3) Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... 169 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 Ac ce le ra tio n, g Shake Table longitudinal acceleration Shake Table lateral acceleration Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical acceleration TEST 4 ÷0.67 g Figure 6.54: Shake Table Acceleration History (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... 170 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 A 14 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A 13 A 2 A 1 A 15 A 17 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 20 A 16 A 18 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s TEST 4 Figure 6.55: Measured Accelerations (g) in all accelerometers (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... 171 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 Time, s -2 -1 0 1 2 A cc el er at io n, g A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 6 A 13 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 8 A 7 5 10 15 20 TEST 4 Figure 6.56: Measured Accelerations at Facing Blocks (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... 172 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 A 13 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 25 A 20 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A cc el er at io n, g Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 4 Figure 6.57: Measured Accelerations in Upper Zone (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... 173 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 A 13 A 15 A 16 A 18 A 20 A 25 A 17 A 19 A 23 A 1 A 6 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A cc el er at io n, g TEST 4 Figure 6.58: Measured Accelerations at Selected Locations (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... 174 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Shake Table longitudinal displacement Shake Table lateral displacement Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical displacement TEST 4 Shake Table roll 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.59: Shake Table Displacement History (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... 175 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -2 -1 0 La te ra l D is pl ac em en t, in ch es LVDT 11 LVDT 10 LVDT 12 LVDT 13 LVDT 9 LVDT 8 LVDT 7 LVDT 6 LVDT 5 LVDT 4 LVDT 3 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 x-Displacement (-) TEST 4 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.60: Measured Displacements at Facing (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... 176 012 X-Displacement, inches 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200Z -D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-Displacement z-Displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... 177 0.751.502.25 X-Displacement, inches 1 2 3 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement Point 2 Point 2 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... 178 1.001.502.002.50 X-Displacement, inches 1 2 3 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es X-Displacement z-Displacement Point 3 Point 3 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 183... ... 179 0.501.001.502.002.503.00 X-Displacement, inches 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 4 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... 180 -2-10123 X-Displacement, inches 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -2 -1 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 185... ... 181 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 St ra in , % -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 14S 13 S 2S 1 S 15 S 17 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 S 11 S 12 S 19 S 20S16 S18 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 10 TEST 4 Figure 6.66: Measured Strains in Geosynthetic layers 3 (bottom row) Read the entire page →
From page 186... ... 182 -20 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si -5 0 5 10 15 å h , p si -5 0 5 10 å h , p si -2 0 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -2 0 2 4 6 å h , p si 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 å v , p si P 9 P 8 P 7 P 6 P 5 P 2 P 10 P 1 P 4 P 3 TEST 4 1 psi=6.9 kPa Figure 6.67: Measured Earth Pressures (Test 4) Read the entire page →
From page 187... ... 183 0 5 10 15 20 25 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 Ac ce le ra tio n, g Shake Table longitudinal acceleration Shake Table lateral acceleration Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical acceleration TEST 5 ÷1.0 g Figure 6.68: Shake Table Acceleration History (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 188... ... 184 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 A 14 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A 13 A 2 A 1 A 15 A 17 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 20 A 16 A 18 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s TEST 5 Figure 6.69: Measured Accelerations (g) in all accelerometers (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 189... ... 185 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 Time, s -2 -1 0 1 2 A cc el er at io n, g A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 6 A 13 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 8 A 7 5 10 15 20 TEST 5 Figure 6.70: Measured Accelerations at Facing Blocks (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 190... ... 186 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 A 13 A 19 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 25 A 20 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A cc el er at io n, g Ac ce le ra tio n, g TEST 5 Figure 6.71: Measured Accelerations in Upper Zone (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... 187 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 A 13 A 15 A 16 A 18 A 20 A 25 A 17 A 19 A 23 A 1 A 6 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s 15 205 100 Time, s A cc el er at io n, g TEST 5 Figure 6.72: Measured Accelerations at Selected Locations (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... 188 0 5 10 15 20 25 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 Shake Table longitudinal displacement Shake Table lateral displacement Shake Table pitch Shake Table vertical displacement TEST 4 Shake Table roll 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.73: Shake Table Displacement History (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... 189 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -4 -3 -2 -1 0 La te ra l D is pl ac em en t, in ch es LVDT 11 LVDT 10 LVDT 12 LVDT 13 LVDT 9 LVDT 8 LVDT 7 LVDT 6 LVDT 5 LVDT 4 LVDT 3 LVDT 2 LVDT 1 x-Displacement (-) TEST 5 1 inch =2.54 cm Figure 6.74: Measured Displacements at Facing (Test 5) Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... 190 0123 X-Displacement, inches 0.000 0.200 0.400Z -D is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-Displacement z-Displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... 191 0123 X-Displacement, inches 2 3 4 5 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 4 5 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement Point 2 Point 2 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... 192 123 X-Displacement, inches 2 3 4 5 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 4 5 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es X-Displacement z-Displacement Point 3 Point 3 Initial Final x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... 193 01234 X-Displacement, inches 2 3 4 5 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... 194 -2-1012345 X-Displacement, inches 0 1 2 ZD is pl ac em en t, in ch es 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time, s -2 0 2 4 6 D is pl ac em en t, in ch es x-displacement z-displacement x-disp. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... 195 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 St ra in , % -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 14S 13 S 2S 1 S 15 S 17 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 S 11 S 12 S 19 S 20S16 S18 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 10 0 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 100 15 20 255 10 TEST 5 Figure 6.80: Measured Strains in Geosynthetic layers 3 (bottom row) Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... 196 -20 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si 0 20 40 60 80 å v , p si -5 0 5 10 15 å h , p si -5 0 5 10 å h , p si -2 0 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 3 å h , p si -1 0 1 2 3 å h , p si -2 0 2 4 6 å h , p si 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 å v , p si P 9 P 8 P 7 P 6 P 5 P 2 P 10 P 1 P 4 P 3 TEST 5 1 psi=6.9 kPa Figure 6.81: Measured Earth Pressures (Test 5) Read the entire page →

From page 119...

... CHAPTER 6 SHAKE TABLE TEST RESULTS TESTING RESULTS System Identification Before the abutment model was subjected to large ground accelerations, System Identification (SI) tests were conducted in order to identify the natural frequency of the abutment and its components.