Mathematical Sciences, Technology, and Economic Competitiveness (1991) / Chapter Skim
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2 KEY AMERICAN INDUSTRIES
2 KEY AMERICAN INDUSTRIES
Pages 14-31
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From page 14... ...
With the partial exception of the automotive industry, the mathematical sciences have a long and creep history of involvement with the technological bases of these industries. The automotive industry and the petroleum industry are the largest contributors to the U.S.
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In 1989 the service sector generated a $20 billion trade surplus while manufacturing trade procluced a $115 billion trade deficit. Petroleum imports producer!
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Short time horizons result in a systematic undervaluation of research and development. There is a possible technical basis for this undervaluation, in the neglect of the option value in decision making, as is discusser]
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factories of domestic market share in hightechnology industries averaged 0.9 percentage points per year on a dollar weighted basis. The total market loss was $4.5 billion from a total market of $518 billion.
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U.S. factories in major industries with a combined annual market value of $728 billion and manufacturing employment of 3 82 million have lost domestic market share at an average rate of 0.4 percentage points per year over the past decade.
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market: Other industries II. Additional major industries with a combined market value of $66 billion annually and manufacturing employment of 0.58 million show a similar pattern of decrease in domestic market share and total employment.
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A significant decrease in the U.S.-owned share of U.S. production capacity occurred in a number of industries over the past decade.
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NASA has sponsored studies of aircraft design, while military procurement has aided the development of commercial manufacturing facilities. However, owing to the divergence of military and commercial aircraft technologies, the commercial aircraft industry may receive less benefit from these sources in the future.
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semiconductor industry into a multitude of start-up firms, and the clifferences in interest rates and planning time horizons, both favoring Japanese companies. However, these explanations are peripheral in comparison to the absolute dominance of Japanese firms in manufacturing.
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The computer industry maintains a substantial in-house effort in the mathematical sciences and has strong academic ties to support the clevelopment of numerical methods. 2.3 Petroleum The petroleum industry originated and first rea.chec]
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It clepends on the solution of an inverse problem known as history matching to reconstruct reservoir geology from oil production records a,ncl requires sophisticated modeling of well-logging tools. Reservoir characterization makes extensive use of computations.
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4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 Distance (feet) 0 1 000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1 0000 1 1 000 FIGURE 2.6 Reconstruction of geology from seismic inversion, using simulated seismic signals and the model geology shown in Figure 2.5.
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The reservoir is heterogeneous, which causes fluid instabilities in the form of fingers. The fingers lead to bypassing of oil and thus reduce total oil recovery.
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Refinery design and control depend on differential equations and control theory. The cleanup of oil spills can be monitored using fluid flow computations.
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. Here, a complete finite element model of the structure is developed and optimized to produce lighter weight, control vibrations, and assure strength (see Figure 2.S)
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Thus the feature-based surface representation can serve as a link between the design and analysis of the part. Figure courtesy of General Motors Research Laboratories.
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It has been a leader in the early development of mathematical models of the physiology of the human ear. The mathematical sciences have been strongly represented in the telecommunications industry, which maintains close relations with academic mathematical scientists who have also investigated many of the above topics.
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The shaded lines indicate increases in call volumes above normal. The network is designed and maintained using a linear programming formulation for normal traffic patterns.
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