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Analysis of Projected Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on the Distribution Grid--Arindam Maitra
Analysis of Projected Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on the Distribution Grid--Arindam Maitra
Pages 65-76
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From page 65... ...
This paper provides an overview of the study, presents the results relevant to the US analysis, and summarizes the conclusions. STUDY METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK The study methodology was designed to capture potential near-term distribution system impacts in response to increased customer load.
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From page 66... ...
The project included an assessment of PEV charging effects on specific circuits in a utility's distribution system -- typically one or two representative feeders per utility -- based on detailed simulations of distribution systems, customer load characteristics, and potential electric vehicle (EV) penetration and charging profiles.
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From page 67... ...
Using known distribution system circuit information, PEV charge characteristics, and likely customer behaviors to construct models of system conditions, the analysis framework 1 Maitra Figure considers the following principal factors that define PEV loading on distribution systems: PEV market penetration levels per utility customer class (residential, commercial) ; different PEV charge spectrums (battery type, charger efficiency)
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From page 68... ...
Level 1 AC charging is generally limited to 1EVSE can be defined as "The conductors, including the ungrounded, grounded, and equipment grounding conductors, the electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets or apparatuses installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle" (NEC 1996)
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From page 69... ...
Charging Patterns The timing of PEV charging can have either positive or negative impacts on electric generation and transmission systems. A significant amount of PEV charging coincident with the system peak would create a need for additional generation, whereas charging performed consistently during off-peak hours could reduce system costs.
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From page 70... ...
A, amp; kW, kilowatt; PEV, plug-in electric vehicle; V, volt. Maitra Figure 3 15.0% 100% 12.0% 80% Cumulative Frequency Share of Sampled Vehicles 9.0% 60% 6.0% 40% 3.0% 20% 0.0% 0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Home Arrival Hour FIGURE 4 Home arrival time distribution.
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From page 71... ...
It is possible to estimate aggregate hourly demand on the substation transformer by coupling NHTS statistics with daily customer driving distance pat terns, PEV types (e.g., Chevy Volt, Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus, Mitsubishi iMieV) , electrical charger characteristics, and different charging profiles that can be used to control charging.
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From page 72... ...
Each asset is evaluated against projected PEV demands and its remaining capacity plotted as an individual point and sorted based on customers served and asset class. Projected demands are superimposed as lines for the three market penetration levels (2%, 4%, or 20%)
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From page 73... ...
Maitra Figure 8
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From page 74... ...
Given the 99.99% confidence level used for the P-test and the conservative construction of the maximum projected demand lines, the probability of exceeding the thermal ratings of these assets is less than 0.01%. Thus, assets above the maximum project lines are unlikely to be impacted (where the asset's remaining capacity exceeds the projected PEV demand lines)
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From page 75... ...
• PEV clustering will occur randomly throughout a system. While it may indicate an increased risk of higher than average loading levels, PEV clustering alone does not signify the likelihood of negative impact as other PEV load characteristics must also be taken into account.
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