The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology Recent Experience and Future Directions (2013) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 Impacts of Bilateral Programs and Projects
6 Impacts of Bilateral Programs and Projects
Pages 83-90
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 83... ...
The transition from an era of hostility and isolation to an era of political rapprochement and scientific cooperation has no historical precedents, with bioengagement near the center of this transition. For decades biology-related issues were a significant, and at times a highly contentious, component of adversarial U.S.-Soviet confrontations concerning appropriate directions of scientific expertise and facilities.
|
From page 84... ...
financial support during the 1990s and early 2000s of Russian endeavors to enhance biosecurity and biosafety approaches and capabilities substantially reduced the risks associated with possible misuse by malcontents of the biological assets of Russia. As an important component of this effort, the United States joined with Russia in supporting redirection of thousands of underemployed Russian scientists in the defense sector to jobs in the civilian sector that provided pay supplements during economic downturns in the country.
|
From page 85... ...
the legacy of highly productive institutional cooperation, such as the partnerships that developed between the institutions affiliated with the Agricultural Research Service of the United States and a number of agricultural research centers in Russia. An important aspect of international exchanges has been opportunities for scientists of one country to become acquainted with research techniques and accomplishments of colleagues in the other country.
|
From page 86... ...
Highly visible U.S.-Russian efforts in the biological sciences, particularly those championed by the International Science and Technology Center, have attracted attention of important international organizations, including the Global Partnership initiated by the G-8 countries. These countries have welcomed approaches pioneered by the United States and Russia in the biological sciences as having worldwide implications.
|
From page 87... ...
government and by private foundations in the United States provided critical lifelines. This effort enabled many highly talented researchers to remain in place until increased financial support of science by the Russian government began to preserve premier scientific establishments and replenish the cadres of promising young scientists.
|
From page 88... ...
Russian and American investigators earned recognition as leaders in addressing dangerous pathogens, including pathogens that had little relevance to defense applications. Their findings encouraged the strengthening of global capabilities to deal with the threats posed by a large number of dangerous pathogens, including naturally occurring pathogens of day-to-day concern of health officials.
|
From page 89... ...
Both Russia and the United States are treasure troves of animal, insect, and plant species that have been of broad international interest. Programs to help preserve biodiversity, while recognized internationally as being important for all countries, have considerable difficulty attracting financial support beyond base budgets needed to keep scientific institutions active.
|
From page 90... ...
In short, more deliberate efforts to build into future bioengagement programs methodologies for evaluating the results of these programs for scientific advancements, applications of science to economic development, and progress in achieving common security and foreign policy goals could (a) help focus implementation activities more sharply on key bioengagement objectives and (b)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.