Landsat and Beyond Sustaining and Enhancing the Nation's Land Imaging Program (2013) / Chapter Skim
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3 Enhancing a Sustained Land Imaging Program
3 Enhancing a Sustained Land Imaging Program
Pages 27-38
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From page 27... ...
Some other types of remotely sensed data -- which include finer spatial resolution, active technologies including both LiDAR and radar, and hyperspectral capability -- are already being acquired by the U.S. government, the private sector, and other countries, and some could be considered for a future land imaging satellite (Table 3.1)
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From page 28... ...
Surface deformation, forest Natural hazards, water management, climate data structure, soil moisture and impacts, deforestation thaw depth NOTE: SAR, synthetic aperture radar; InSAR, interferometric SAR. Landsat data stream can be greatly increased by exploiting newer technologies that observe the surface at finer resolution and incorporate more of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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From page 29... ...
FIGURE 3.1 Characteristics of selected moderate- and fine-resolution optical remote sensing systems, 1999-2015. The spatial resolution of each remote sensing system is portrayed with the following circles: panchromatic (pan)
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From page 30... ...
Land cover information is categorized by the map scale at which the information is provided.3 Remote sensor data with fine spatial resolution are required to extract high-level information about "landscape metrics."4 Many city and county agencies throughout the United States and some federal agencies require access to land cover products at a spatial resolution finer than 2 m. • Building and property infrastructure.
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From page 31... ...
is among the recommended missions in the National Research Council report Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond.10 Launch of the LIST mission is more than a decade away, but SELIP could include access to currently available airborne data and a plan for eventual incorporation of satellite laser altimeter information. Synthetic Aperture Radar The Landsat instruments provide coverage of Earth's surface in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared sections of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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From page 32... ...
of a 7 × 7 km tile collected over Denver, Colorado, containing trees, buildings, and terrain. The LiDAR data have been shaded using LiDAR Analyst software; higher elevaions are in white t and lower elevations are in green.
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From page 33... ...
The 2007 NRC decadal survey Earth Science and Applications from Space12 recommended a SAR mission, Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI) , but it has no target launch date.13 Other nations have provided most of the leadership and implementation of SAR missions, so an enhanced land imaging program would benefit from including mechanisms and funding to incorporate data from airborne SAR and international SAR missions before a U.S.
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From page 34... ...
Imaging spectroscopy has benefited from technology improvement over the past decades, with improved optics that allow for smaller and less expensive instruments, enhanced downlink capabilities allowing exploitation of the entire spectrum, and uniform detector arrays increasing measurement accuracy, precision, and spatial registration. Several technology demonstration spectrometers have flown in Earth orbit, allowing the evaluation of spaceborne imaging spectroscopy data products, and a high-performance imaging spectrometer has flown to the Moon, demonstrating the key aspects of the capability in a prolonged spaceflight environment.
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From page 35... ...
FIGURE 3.4 (a) An AVIRIS hyperspectral data cube of Sullivan's Island, South Carolina.
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From page 36... ...
IDNumber=pia13167. TABLE 3.3 Characteristics of Selected Satellite and Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Systems Spectral Spectral Instantaneous Total Coverage Interval Number of Quantization Field of View Field of View Sensor Technology (nm)
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From page 37... ...
Findings The committee found as follows: • Continuity of moderate-resolution multispectral imagery with global land coverage at weekly frequency is a necessary component of a sustained and enhanced land imaging program, but it is not sufficient for monitoring the range of land surface properties that are critical for both scientific research and operational management. • Optical imagery with fine spatial resolution and data from LiDAR, SAR, and hyperspectral instruments provide distinct and synergistic information about Earth's land surface.
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From page 38... ...
and interferometric SAR (InSAR) images at resolutions suitable for studies of deformation, elevations, and surface cover; and • Hyperspectral data collection and information extraction capabilities for hydrology, ecosystem health and biodiversity, and soil science and mineralogy.
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