Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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A14 Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: Mechanisms and implications--Daniel Garrido, David C. Dallas, and David A. Mills
A14 Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: Mechanisms and implications--Daniel Garrido, David C. Dallas, and David A. Mills
Pages 356-382
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From page 356... ...
In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk nutrients such as lactose, lipids, and proteins are readily digested and consumed by the infant, other molecules, such as uman milk h oligosaccharides and glycosylated proteins and lipids, can escape intestinal digestion and transit through the gastrointestinal tract.
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From page 357... ...
. In this review, we examine recent advances in our understanding of how milk oligosaccharides and other glycoconjugates influence the dominance of beneficial micro-organisms in the gut microbiota, especially Bifidobacterium, and of the mechanisms and strategies that these micro-organisms have devised for using milk components as a carbon source.
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From page 358... ...
Despite recent technological advances, structural elucidation of oligosaccharides from breast milk still remains a challenge, mainly due to the variety of possible isomeric forms of any given composition. MS has become a method of choice for oligosaccharide analysis, and current methods allow isomer differentiation with high resolution (Ruhaak and Lebrilla, 2012)
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From page 359... ...
, which emphasizes the role of milk bioactive molecules in functions beyond nutrition. HMO are minimally affected by transit through the stomach and small intestine, reaching a high concentration in infant faeces (Chaturvedi et al., 2001; Engfer et al., 2000; Gnoth et al., 2000)
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From page 360... ...
Fucose- and sialic acid-containing HMO are particularly important in pathogen deflection as they are found at terminal positions in these molecules. Therefore, the abundance of HMO and other milk glycoconjugates can explain in great part how breast milk helps to prevent infant diarrhoea and GI infections in breast-fed infants (Coppa et al., 2006; Hakkarainen et al., 2005; Hong et al., 2009; Martín-Sosa et al., 2002; Morrow et al., 2004; Newburg et al., 2004; Ruiz-Palacios et al., 2003)
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From page 361... ...
Infant formulas are traditionally based on bovine milk, and great advances have been made to improve their composition by adding supplements such as minerals, vitamins, and prebiotics, in order to simulate the essential components in breast milk (Hernell, 2011; Koletzko, 2010)
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From page 362... ...
infantis ATCC 15697 and B bifidum PRL2010 are prototypical members of the infant intestinal microbiota that have possibly co-evolved with their host to consume milk or host oligosaccharides (Sela et al., 2008; Turroni et al., 2010)
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From page 363... ...
. Several of these predictions regarding HMO consumption have been addressed and genes encoding functions in HMO import and hydrolysis have been identified (Figure A14-2)
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From page 364... ...
. SBPs from ABC transporters with affinities for HMO and expressed during growth on these substrates were identified by Garrido et al.
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From page 365... ...
Parallel studies have provided important details on the mechanisms of HMO utilization by B bifidum, another member of the infant intestinal microbiota.
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From page 366... ...
Human Milk Glycoconjugates The complexity of human milk is far from understood, and one example of this is the multiplicity of functions played by several bioactive agents. While the high concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk can explain in great part the enrichment in bifidobacteria in breast-fed infant faeces, glycans conjugated to other molecules in milk, such as proteins, peptides or lipids, can also have a prebiotic role.
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From page 367... ...
. Right after establishment, the intestinal microbiota is responsible for the degradation of glycolipids observed in breast-fed infant faeces (Gustafsson et al., 1986; Midtvedt et al., 1988)
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From page 368... ...
, probably contributing to the excretion of considerable amounts of intact or partially degraded milk proteins in breast-fed infant faeces (Davidson and Lönnerdal, 1987; Prentice et al., 1989)
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From page 369... ...
. In addi M tion, individual members of the infant and adult intestinal microbiota have been well studied for their ability to deglycosylate mucins in order to gain access to the bound oligosaccharides as a carbon source (Derrien et al., 2010; Wright et al., 2000)
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From page 370... ...
Replicating the Bifidogenic Effect of Breast Milk For some mothers, breastfeeding is not possible, and therefore there is an increased need for human milk substitutes. Commercial production of synthetic
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. At present, new approaches are being applied to use dairy streams from cheese production to recover bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO)
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From page 372... ...
Work by the Milk Bioactives Program has been supported by University of California Discovery Grant Program, the California Dairy Research Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institutes of Health awards R01HD059127,R01HD065122, R01HD061923, R21AT006180, R01AT007079.
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From page 373... ...
. Structure-function relationships of human milk oligosaccharides.
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From page 374... ...
. Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit the adhesion to Caco-2 cells of diarrheal pathogens: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella fyris.
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From page 375... ...
. Release and utilization of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from human milk oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium longum subsp.
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From page 376... ...
. Human and bovine milk oligosaccharides inhibit Neisseria meningitidis pili attachment in vitro.
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From page 377... ...
. Historical aspects of human milk oligosaccharides.
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From page 378... ...
. Bacteroides in the infant gut consume milk oligosaccharides via mucus-utilization pathways.
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From page 379... ...
. Cooperation of β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from bifidobacteria in assimila tion of human milk oligosaccharides with type 2 structure.
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From page 380... ...
. Advances in analysis of human milk oligosaccharides.
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From page 381... ...
infantis ATCC 15697 α-fucosidases are active on fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 78, 795–803.
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From page 382... ...
. In vitro fermentation of breast milk oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus gasseri.
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