Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Glossary
Appendix D: Glossary
Pages 503-512
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From page 503... ...
Significant insights into species richness, structure, composition, and membership of microbial communities have been gained through analysis of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences; these sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences. PCR amplification with primers that hybridize to highly conserved regions in bacterial or archaeal 16S rRNA genes (or eukaryotic microbial 18S rRNA genes)
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From page 504... ...
: Any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases that project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei.
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From page 505... ...
Alterations in microbial community structure, involving Bacteria, Archaea, and/or Eukarya, can occur in any body habitat but have been best described in the gut where they have been associated with a number of disease states including, for example, inflammatory bowel disease. Ecology: The scientific study of the relationship between living things and their environments.
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From page 506... ...
The most common serotype, HIV-1, is distributed worldwide, while HIV-2 is primarily confined to West Africa. Human Microbiome Project: An international project aiming to characterize the microbial communities found at several different sites on the human body, including nasal passages, oral cavities, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract, and to analyze the role of these microbes in human health and disease.
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From page 507... ...
Immune system: A complex network of interacting cells, cell products, and cell-forming tissues that protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances, destroys infected and malignant cells, and removes cellular debris: the system includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphokines. Infection: The invasion of the body or a part of the body by a pathogenic agent, such as a microorganism or virus.
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From page 508... ...
: Taxonomic level of sampling selected by the user to be used in a study, such as individuals, populations, species, genera, or bacterial strains. Opportunistic pathogen: An infectious microorganism that is normally a commensal or does not harm its host but can cause disease when the host's resistance is low.
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From page 509... ...
In biological terms, a pathogen is a microorganism that has the inherent capacity to cross anatomical barriers and resist host defenses that ordinarily restrict most other microorganisms. Pathogenic: Capable of causing disease.
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From page 510... ...
RNA (ribonucleic acid) : Any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities.
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From page 511... ...
Ulcerative colitis: A serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever and chills and profuse diarrhea. Vibrio fischeri: A gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments.
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Key Terms
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