Impact of Science and Technology on Regional Economic Development An Assessment of National Policies Regarding Research and Development in the Context of Regional Economic Development (1969) / Chapter Skim
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Dimensions and Distribution of R&D
Dimensions and Distribution of R&D
Pages 50-58
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From page 50... ...
The analysis that follows may also indicate some of the constraints that are encountered in any attempt to alter federal R&D policies. In 1965, total expenditures for R&D in the United States were $20.5 billion, of which about $14 billion was carried out in industry, approximately $3 billion in federal laboratories, and the remainder divided between universities and other non-profit institutions.
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From page 51... ...
However, during the past five years, the privately funded industrial R&D has grown at a greater rate, while the rate of growth of federal funding has tended to level off, under pressures of congressional and administrative limitations on expenditures. Total federal obligations for R&D in the fiscal year 1968 were approximately $17 billion or about two percent of the gross national product.
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From page 52... ...
Colleges and universities typically perform the largest share of basic research work in the United States, but less than half. Governmental and industrial laboratories also perform significant amounts of basic research, as do private research institutions.
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From page 53... ...
Aircraft and Missiles 4,500 620 113 873 Electrical Equipment and Communications 1,978 1,189 S3 1,676 Professional and Scientific Instruments 125 261 36 295 Chemicals and Allied Products 190 1,187 40 1,022 Transportation Equipment 326 913 20 1,244 Machinery 258 870 27 1,228 Primary Metals 8 209 5 1,074 Fabricated Metal Products 17 129 15 442 Other Manufacturing Industries 102 957 10 3,374 Non-Manufacturing Industries 255 103 10 936 Total, R&D-Performing Industries 7,759 6,438 30 12,164 Source: National Science Foundation.
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From page 54... ...
Hence the percentage of the gross national product represented by sales of high-technology products may be a very misleading measure of true economic importance. Moreover, the products of high technology may indirectly create many new job opportunities in other industries.
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From page 55... ...
The statistical paradox arises because different industries spend widely differing percentages of net sales on R&D, and the science-intensive industry classifications tend to spend more on R&D. However, within a given classification, there appears to be no bias toward higher percentages of R&D for large firms.
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From page 57... ...
An important feature of the geographic distribution of scientists and engiTable 3 Regional Distribution of Population, Income, and Federal Financing of Research and Development in Fiscal Year 1964 Percentage Distribution Personal Income Federal Research and Development Obligations Region Population Defense NASA NSF High Income 34.0 39.4 65.5 61.2 44.9 Far West 12.7 14.8 38.0 47.6 14.8 Mideast 21.3 24.6 27.5 13.6 30.1 Average Income 36.1 37.5 19.3 13.4 38.2 New England 5.8 6.5 7.2 1.9 13.0 Great Lakes 19.7 21.1 6.2 3.4 15.8 Plains 8.2 7.7 1.7 7.8 4.3 Rocky Mountains 2.4 2.2 4.2 0.3 5.1 Low Income 29.9 23.1 15.2 25.4 16.9 Southwest 8.1 6.8 7.9 6.6 10.1 Southeast 21.8 16.3 7.3 18.8 6.8 Grand Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source'. National Science Foundation.
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From page 58... ...
is committed to professional tasks other than research or development. However, a survey61 of 14 major metropolitan districts in the United States shows that these cities contain 26 percent of the total population, 37 percent of the scientists, and 41 percent of the engineers.
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