Cotton Boll Weevil An Evaluation of USDA Programs : a Report (1981) / Chapter Skim
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PUBLICLY SUPPORTED PEST CONTROL
PUBLICLY SUPPORTED PEST CONTROL
Pages 42-51
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From page 42... ...
The appropriation act directed USDA to cooperate with state authorities in preventing the further spread of the gypsy and browntail moths. This legislation established the policy of federal-state cooperation in plant pest control programs.
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Since the passage of the Plant Quarantine Act of l9l2, USDA has developed four strategies for dealing with foreign or, where the strategies are applicable, domestic plant pests: • exclusion: prevention of entry by plant quarantine and inspection; • eradication: early detection of infestations and the use of eradication techniques that are biologically, environmentally, economically, and socially appropriate; • retardation: the use of domestic quarantines to prevent artificial spread of the pest and use of population suppression to retard natural spread; • mitigation: learning to live with the pest through changes in plant cultivation practices and pest control techniques. In l926, however, the U.S.
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From page 44... ...
States within geographical regions have also organized among themselves to control the spread of plant diseases and insect pests. In l9l9 the plant regulatory officials of the ll western states, the territory of Hawaii, Mexico's District of Lower California, and Canada's Province of British Columbia formed the Western Plant Quarantine Board "to secure a greater mutual understanding, closer cooperation and uniformity of action for the efficient protection of our plant industries against plant diseases and insect pests" (Hagan l9l9)
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From page 45... ...
As Chapter 2 notes, the last two decades have been marked by a host of scientific developments in efforts to deal with cotton insect pests -- the continued introduction of new insecticides to replace those rendered less effective by the development of resistance in the insects, efforts to breed new strains of cotton that will have more natural resistance to insect attack, the discovery of the boll weevil pheromone called grandlure and its use in traps for monitoring boll weevil movements, the development of methods for the mass rearing of boll weevils in laboratories, attempts to use mass sterilization of male boll weevils to reduce weevil populations, and, last but not least, discovery of the value of using insecticides against boll weevils at the end of the cotton season to kill diapausing weevils that would otherwise survive the winter and begin to breed anew the following year. Most of these developments have had their origin, in the last analysis, in the desires of cotton growers themselves to minimize the economic damage they suffer from cotton insect pests every year.
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1966-Texas Malathion bait sprays, trapping and lures. 1975-76-California Host fruit destruction, traps, ground treatment with insecticides and sterile releases.
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1954-60-New Jersey Dieldrin soil and soil surface treatments. 1%5-70 Maryland Dieldrin surface treatments.
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Pest and (Host) Year and Location Primary Method Used for Eradication Puccinia pelargonti - zonalis (Doidge)
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The provision was a departure from historical practice, in which the states had been vested with authority for enforcement and right-of-entry in insect pest control programs, and was a logical extension of the following statement in the National Plant Board's l972 Principles of Plant Pest Control: "Since the measures required to implement a pest control program usually involved treatment of private and public property for the benefit of wider interest or the public welfare, they could not be undertaken by private individuals or groups, and therefore to resort to procedures under public authority is logical." The PBWEE experiment and the l973 legislation, however, did not settle the question of how to deal with the boll weevil. As the National Cotton Council's technical guidance committee had already recognized, some boll weevils had been found in the PBWEE "eradication zone." This technical guidance committee took the view, however, that what PBWEE had demonstrated was eradication followed by reinfestation.
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• There must be participation by l00 pecent of the growers. • Either federal or state governments must have the authority to do the following: establish an eradication zone; grant program inspectors the authority to enter any public or private property in the zone; prohibit the non-commercial raising of cotton; regulate the movement of seed cotton and any other material capable of transporting boll weevils; require mandatory reporting of all cotton acreage; and allow the destruction of volunteer cotton.
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From page 51... ...
trial in Mississippi, designed to determine whether it was possible to hold boll weevil populations below levels that are economically harmful to cotton growers. The BWE and OPM trials are described in some detail in the next chapter.
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