Science at the Frontier (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Inbox A N-Acetyl aspartate acid, 145 Acid rain, 181, 182, 188-189 Acromion, 137 Adams, Paul, 201, 204, 205, 209, 216 Adenine, 96, 97 Adenoviruses, transcription in, 105-106 Ahlfors, Lars, 61 Air pollution, 178 chemistry of, 184-187 compliance with air quality standards, 178 computer modeling of, 178-179, 190-191, 192-193 control, 178, 180-181, 196-197 detection limits, 187-188 diurnal cycling, 190 formaldehyde, 186, 187, 190 hydrocarbons, 180, 181-182 hydroxyl radicals, 185-186, 187 from leaded gas, 181 long-distance transport, 190 measurement of, 187-188 259 nighttime, 188-191 nitrogen oxides, 180, 182, 185, 188-190, 194, 195, 197 ozone, 184-187, 195, 196, 197 reactive organic gases, 181-182, 194-195, 197 smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193 "tall stacks solution," 181 Allender, David, 243 Aluminosilicates, 38 Amino acids, 96-97, 107 Amphibians, DNA, 99 Anderson, Philip W., 244 Aneurysms, 140 Angiogenesis, 115-116 Angiography, 122, 139-140, 142, 147 Approximations, 64 Argonne National Laboratory, 35 Arizona State University, 3 Arnold, Vladimir, 48 Arteriovenous malformations, 140 Arthrography, 122 Arthroscopy, 136, 137 Asteroids, 49 Astronomy, 66, 79 Astrophysics, 66
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Georg, 233 Berger, Robert, 248 Berk, Arnold, 99, 105, 111 Bertschinger, Edmund, 70, 90-91 Big Bang theory, 3-4, 70, 77 evidence for, 74-75, 77, 79 formation of heavier elements, 82 galaxy formation, 90 microwave background radiation and, 75 missing-mass problem, 67-68 and Omega, 69 redshift and, 78, 93 relativity and, 76 series of events, 75-76 Binary systems, 153-154 Biology central dogma of, 101-103 data compressibility in, 58-60 dynamical systems in, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, ~16 neural networks, 201 Bipolarons, 244 Birkhoff, Garrett, 150 Birkhoff, George, 48, 49 Black holes, 81-82, 85 Bloch, Felix, 123, 124 Bloembergen, Nicholaas, 129 Blood-brain barrier, 143 Blood flow and vessels, imaging of, 139-140 Bloxham, Jeremy, 3, 20, 22 Blueshifted light, 79 Body waves, 10 Bohr, Niels, 123 Bones, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137 Boole, George, 153 Boolean logic, 154 Born, Max, 123 Boson, 244
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From page 261... ...
public visibility of, 62-63 sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54 shadowing lemma theorem, 56
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From page 262... ...
, 8688 . historical background, 151-152, 155-156 Importance to science, 151, 173174, 215 innovations in hardware, 156162 lasers in, 160, 161 learning networks with interneurons, 228 logic gates, 154, 158, 160, 161, 225 machinery, 153-156 Mandelbrot sets, 57-59 Mathematica software, 170-171 mathematics, 47, 50, 62, 162-164, 168-170 measurements in space, 77 in medical diagnostic imaging, 121, 124, 126; see also Computerized tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging Multiple-Instruction MultipleData operating mode, 175 networks, 151, 156 neural systems modeling on, 214-215, 223-228 optical lens construction, 160161 optics technology applied to, 155, 156-162 parallel processing, 157, 160, 175-176, 216-218
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From page 263... ...
INDEX programming languages, 170171 quasicrystal simulations, 248, 251-252 scientific visualizations, 153-154 seismic tomography, 10-11 serial, 154-155, 159, 175, 214, 225 signal processing, 165 Single-Instruction Multiple-Data operating mode, 175 software for scientists, 162, 163, 170-171 sound processing, 165, 167 speech recognition, 165 speed/power of, 151, 162, 175176, 225 Turing test, 202, 212, 214 universal machine, 172 universe formation simulation, 71-72 video presentations, 191, 193-194 von Neumann machine, 213-214 wavelet transforms, 163, 164-168 see also Supercomputers Conservation of energy, 26, 35, 36 Continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21 Cooley, J.W., 163 Cooper, Leon N., 235 Copernicus, 74 Cornell University, 45, 62 Cosmology, history of, 74 Cray, Seymour, 175 Creatine, 145 Crick, Francis, 95, 96, 101, 102, 117, 213, 217 Crues III, John, 120, 134-137 Crystals equilibrium and growth shapes of, 168 growth, 251 properties, 246-247 symmetry, 234 see also Quasicrystals Cybernetics, 211 Cysteine, 107 Cytosine, 96, 97 263 D Dalton, John, 26 Dark matter clusters, 91 computer simulations, 71-72, 8788, 90-91 defined, 67 evidence of, 70 in galaxies, 88-89 gravitational effect of, 68-69, 8491 and omega, 80 shape and composition, 88 types of, 72 universe of, 90 Darwin, Charles, 7, 117 Darwin Rise, 16-17 Data compressibility, 58 Daubechies, Ingrid, 164 Davis, Marc, 71 de Gennes, P.-G., 243 Deoxyhemoglobin, 139 Dervan, Peter, 119-120, 124 Determinism, 46-47, 55-57 Devaney, Robert, 47, 62, 64 Developmental embryology, transcription in, 111, 113-114 Diagnostic contrast media, 142-144 Diamond-anvil cell experiments, 2, 3, 9, 11-12, 19-20 Dimethyl sulfide, 189-190 Dinitrogen pentoxide, 187 DiVincenzo, David P., 251 Djorgovski, S George, 70, 72, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93 DNA affinity columns, 107 binding proteins, 106-107, 109110, 112 central dogma of biology, 101103 codons, 97, 98 functions, 96, 97 location, 95 mapping, 100
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From page 264... ...
264 neuronal networks and, 206 noncoding, 99-101, 105 probes, 105 promoter region, 106 radioactive labeling, 107, 108, 109 replication, 103, 106 role of, 99-103 structure, 95-97 synthesis, 106-107 units of information in, 59 Doppler effect, 78 Douady, Adrien, 54-55, 63 Douglas, Jesse, 168 Drosophila, 113, 114 Dynamical systems angle doubling, 56 biological, 57-60, 94, 100, 113, 216 butterfly effect, 55, 57 complexity of, 45-49 computer applications, 49, 150, 153, 174, 226 education aids, 62 historical insights, 47-49 hyperbolic, 56 Julia sets, 48, 50, 58 KAM theorem, 48-49 Mandelbrot set, 57-60 mathematics of, 46-54, 150, 171, 193 sensitivity to initial conditions, 49-54 simplest, 49-50 three-body problem, 47-48 uncertainties, 56 see also Chaotic behavior E Earth age, 7 asthenosphere, 6, 14, 16 atomic process, 4 continental drift, 2, 7, 9, 21 core-mantle boundary, 3, 5-6, 19-21 INDEX core thermodynamics and ma gnetohydro dynamic s, 1 -23 cross-section, 4, 5 crust, 6, 21 Darwin Rise, 16-17 D-double prime region, 6 formation of, 3-4 fossil record, 21-22 geological models, 1-23 geomagnetic field, 19-20 gravity, 13 hot spots, 15-17 inner core, 4-5 internal temperature and pressure, 4-5, 6, 9, 12 lithosphere, 6, 8, 14, 16-17 lower mantle, 5, 12, 19-20 magnetic field, 3, 5, 18-21 mantle, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13-14, 21-22 Marianas Trench, 9 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8 most common mineral, 11 North Pole, 20-21 outer core, 5, 10, 18, 19 plate tectonics, 2, 7-8, 13-18, 2122 sea level changes, 21-22 South Pacific Superswell, 16-17 upper mantle, 5, 10, 12 Earthquakes, 9-10 Eddington, Arthur, 84 Einstein, Albert, 28, 123, 158 space-time fabric, 76 theory of general relativity, 69, 76, 79, 81, 84, 85 Einstein ring, 84 Electroencephalogram, 138 Electromagnetic radiation, 72, 150 Electron holes, 32, 38, 39, 41, 42 Electron microscope, 104, 111 Electron transfer back, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42 in chlorophyll, 32 multistep mechanism, 37, 38-39 rate, 35 Electrons, 76, 121, 236
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From page 265... ...
INDEX Energy artificial photosynthesis and, 2627 quantum of, 29 reorganization, 36 solar, 40 theory of quantization of, 29 Estermann, I., 123 Eukaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102, 104 Euler, Leonhard, 150 Evolution, 60, 100-101, 116, 117, 206, 216, 221, 225 F Fast Fourier transform, 125, 163, 165 Fatou, Pierre, 48, 50, 61 Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 63 Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic cascade of period doublings, 53-54 Fermions, 244 Ferritin, 139, 142 Ferrocene, 42 Fiber-optics telecommunications network, 156 Fields Medal, 61, 168 Fischer, Karen M., 16 Fisher, Daniel, 233 Fisher, Matthew, 245-246 Fluid motion, magnetic resonance imaging of, 139-142 Food and Drug Administration, 142 Formaldehyde, 186, 187, 190 Formic acid, 187 Fossil fuels, 26 Fourier, J.B.J., 163 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 187 Fractal geometry, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 163 Free induction decay, 127-128 Free will, 55-56 French Polynesia, 16 Fresnel zone plate, 161 265 Frontiers of Computational Science Award, 192 Fuzzy sets, 163 G Gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 142 Galaxies age of, 73-74, 78 Andromeda, 71, 73, 78 blue curtain, 85-87, 88 clusters, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 82, 88, 90 collapse of protogalaxies, 72, 82, 84 collisions and mergers, 72 Coma cluster, 68 cosmological color conundrum, 80 cosmological count conundrum, 80 dark matter in, 88-89 discovery of, 71 distances of, 70 distribution of, 72, 74 formation and evolution of, 82, 88, 90 as gravitational lenses, 84-85 halos, 82, 91 Local Group, 71 Local Supercluster, 71 magnitude of images, 85-86 Milky Way, 71, 73, 79 primeval, 72, 93 spectrographic signatures, 77-78, 79, 81, 83 spherical shells of, 71 superclusters, 70, 71, 73, 82, 90 velocities, 68 Galileo, 86-87 Gallium arsenide, 161 Gammel, Peter, 245, 246 Gauge theory, 65 Gel electrophoresis, 107, 108 Geller, Margaret, 67, 68, 70
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, 120 Hanahan, Douglas, 95, 97, 99, 114, 115 Hardy, G.H., 65 Hartley transform, 163 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 67, 71 Harvard University, 3, 20, 85, 99, 120, 233, 248, 251 Heart, magnetic resonance imaging, 133 Hebb, Donald, 212 Heisenberg-Schrodinger pictures of the universe, 57 He-La cells, 111 Helium, 76, 77, 82 Helix-turn-helix, 107 Hematoma, magnetic resonance imaging of, 130-131 Hemley, Russell, 3, 11, 12-13, 19-20 Hemorrhage, 139 Hemosiderin, 142 Hillis, W Daniel, 175 Hinton, Geoffrey, 228
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, 8688 ultradeep, 86-87 wavelet transforms applied to, 165 see also Magnetic resonance .
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From page 268... ...
268 Kieffer, Sue, 3 Kitt Peak, 85 Kline, Morris, 64 Knittle, Elise, 3, 19-20 Koch, Christof, 199-204, 206, 210, 213-219, 221-224, 229 Kolmogorov, Andrei, 48 Koo, David, 69, 80 Krantz, Steven, 47, 61, 62-64, 171 L Lagrange, Joseph, 150 Lander, Eric, 94, 99-100, 117 Larmor equation, 124-125 frequency, 126, 127, 128, 129 Lasers, 11, 160, 161 Lauterbur, Paul, 124 Lay, Thorne, 3, 20 Lead, air pollution from, 181 Lehmann, Ruth, 99, 113, 117 Leptons, 76 Levine, Dov, 248, 249 Lewis, Nathan, 26, 41, 42 Lick Observatory, 70 Light, quantum mechanics, 84 Lily, DNA, 99 Linear systems, 45-46 Lisberger, Stephen, 225-226 Little, William, 243 Liver, magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 144 Lloyd, Alan C., 180, 192, 194, 197 Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 119 Lookback time, 73, 75, 82 Lorenz, Edward, 49 Love waves, 10 Lyell, Charles, 6 M Macromolecules, 132 Magellan mission, 22 Magnesium silicate perovskite, 11 INDEX Magnetic field core dynamics and, 18-21 data surveys, 5, 9 historical data, 3, 20 Meissner effect, 235 satellite measurements, 20 of superconductors, 235, 237, 245 Magnetic moment, 124, 126-127 Magnetic resonance imaging advantages of, 120, 125 angiography, 139-142, 147 applications in medicine, 122, 124, 134-146 of biomechanical joints, 135-136 of blood flow and vessels, 139140 of bones, 134-136 of brain, 119, 143 of cartilage tears, 136-137 of cerebrospinal fluid, 138 clinical efficacy, 147 contrast agents, 120, 122, 136, 139, 142-144, 147 costs, 122 diagnostic lens, 129-132 echo time delay, 129, 133 enhancement of signal intensity, 141-142 fast-scanning techniques, 146, 167 of fluid motion, 139-142 fluoroscope, 136, 147 gating techniques, 141, 146 growth of, 119 guided/assisted interventional diagnosis and therapy, 147 of heart, 133 of a hematoma, 131 of hemorrhages, 139 of kidney, 143 of liver, 120, 144 multiplanar display capabilities, 130-131 of musculoskeletal system, 120 in neurology, 138-139, 143 physics of, 120, 121, 123-134
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, 22 Meteorites, 4 Meteorology, models, 191, 193 Methemoglobin, 139 Microwave background radiation, 75 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 7-8 Miller, John, 35 Minsky, Marvin, 212 Mittag-Leffler, Magnus, 61 Mobilism, 7 Models / modeling Big Bang, 71-72 cell electrical behavior, 201
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From page 270... ...
270 INDEX cellular automata in, 171-172 complexity accounted for, 215216 dark-matter simulation, 71-72, 87-88, 90 geological, 1-23 Los Angeles weather and pollutant data, 179-180, 194197 minimal surfaces, 168 neural networks, 199-200, 209211, 214-216 probabilistic, 57 purpose, 210 quasicrystals, 248 seismic tomography, 10-11 simplifications in, 210 snowflake formation, 172, 173 stereoscopic depth perception, 212 transcription, 104, 112 vision, 218-228 Molecular beam epitaxy, 160-162 Monoterpenes, 189 Moon, 22 Moser, furgen, 48 Mosley, Michael, 145 Mott-Hubbard insulator, 243-244 Mott, Nevill, 243-244 Mount Wilson Observatory, 79 Mueller, Karl Alex, 233 Multiple Mirror Telescope, 83 Multiple sclerosis, 138, 145-146 Mutation analysis, 108-109, 111, 113 N National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 152, 175, 192, 193 National Institutes of Health, 119, 120, 132 National Science Foundation, 152 Nebulae, cloudlike, 79 Neer, Charles, 137 Neptune, 22, 48-49 Nervous system analytical and organizational levels, 213 computation applied to studies of, 202-203 connectionism, 203-204 evolution of, 206 information processing, 200 ion channels, 205, 209, 211 mapping of, 145 neuromodulators, 209 synapses, 204-205 see also Brain Neural networks applications, 217-218, 230 brain, 203-209 defined, 199 Hopfield network, 217 and learning and memory, 212 learning networks with interneurons, 228 mind and, 214 models, 199-200, 209-211, 228-230 NETtalk system, 228 perceptrons, 212 vision models, 218-228 Neurology, magnetic resonance imaging in, 138-139 Neurons, 200-201, 203-209, 214, 225 Neuroscience, computational computationalism, 212 computer models, 204, 209-211 connectionism, 203-204, 211-212, 219, 228 dependence on computers, 215 experimental approach, 218 history of, 203 optical flow algorithms, 219, 221, 224-225 Neutrinos, 72, 76 Neutron stars, 84 Neutrons, 76 Newsome, William A.K., 201, 228229 Newton, Isaac law of gravitation, 68
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From page 271... ...
James E., 70 Penrose, Roger, 248, 249, 250 Penzias, Arno, 74 Perner, Uli, 187 Peroxyacetyl nitrate, 190, 196, 197 Petrologists, 2 Phenotypes, 100-101 Pheophytin, 33 Phonons, soft, 244 Photodiodes, 36-40 Photolithography, 156, 161 Photolysis and ozone production, 183-186, 190 and smog production, 190 critical limit for communications, 156 harvesting and using, 29-32 and photosynthesis, 28-29 relativity applied to, 84 speed of, 72, 158-159 Photosynthesis, artificial back electron transfer in, 33 energy efficiency, 27, 30, 35 as an energy source, 26-27 excited-state electron transfer in, 34-36 first steps, 33-40 photoconversion systems, 30 photodiode construction and, 36-40 photovoltaic cells, 40-43 reaction centers, 38 self-assembly in, 37, 39 and semiconductors, 37 Z-scheme representation of apparatus, 31, 35
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From page 272... ...
272 Photosynthesis, natural in bacteria, 32 chlorophyll, 30, 31, 33 crystallographic studies, 33 electron transfer, 32 evolution of, 27, 32 genetic engineering and, 33 photon harvesting and use, 2932 photosystems, 30-31 process, 25, 26, 33 quantum physics and, 28-29 reaction center, 31-33 Z-scheme, 31 Photovoltaic cells construction of, 41 cost barriers, 25-26, 40 energy efficiency, 27 gallium arsenide-gallium antimonide stacked junction cell, 27 liquid semiconductor junctions, 41-43 point-contact crystalline silicon cells, 27 strontium-titanate cell, 42-43 Physics condensed-matter, 13, 233-254; see also Quasicrystals; Superconducting/ superconductors contributions to geology, 7, 11, 13 of light energy, 28-29 mathematics in, 65 of magnetic resonance imaging, 120, 121, 123-134 particle, 77, 149 quantum, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 78, 121 and photosynthesis, 29 solid state, 11 of water at critical temperatures, 172, 173 of x-ray systems, 121 Pick's disease, 145 INDEX Pitts, James N., Jr., 187, 188 Pitts, Walter H., 212 Planck, Max, 28-29, 123 Planck's constant, 29, 55 Planetesimals, 4 Planets, window of stability, 49; see also individual planets Plants aerobic, 29, 31 anaerobic, 27 chlorophyll, 30, 31 reaction center, 31 see also Photosynthesis, natural Plate tectonics, 2 basalt formation and, 18 colliding plates, 14-15 deformation of plate boundaries. 14-15 direction of plate movement, 8-9 distribution of major surface plates, 8 genesis of, 7 and mantle convection, 13-18, 21-22 process, 8-9 rate of movement, 8 on Venus, 22 and volcanism, 15-18 Platt, Uli, 187, 188 Poggio, Tomaso, 212 Poincare, Jules Henri, 48, 150 Poisson's equation, 90 Polyribosomes, 98 Pool, Robert, 192 Porphyrin, 39 Positron emission tomography, 120, 121, 123, 138 Pound, R.V., 129 Press, William, 85, 153, 162-165, 167, 170, 174 Princeton University, 47, 70, 85, 242, 244 Principia Mathematica, 68 Probabilistic models, 57 Prokaryotes, transcription and translation in, 102
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. imaging Reverse biochemistry studies, 109 Rheology, 6, 14 Riemann, Georg, 150 RNA bicoid, 114 messenger (mRNA)
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From page 274... ...
274 transfer (tRNA) , 98 translation, 102 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 121, 122, 134135, 142 Rosenblatt, Frank, 212 Rotator cuff tears, 137 Rubin, Vera, 68 Rumelhart, David, 217 Russell, Armistead G., 184, 185, 192 Rutgers University, 153, 168 Ryle, Gilbert, 210 S Salk Institute, 200 Santa Barbara Cottage Community Hospital, 120, 132 Saturn, 13, 22, 48-49 Scanning microscopy, 111, 205 Schmidt, Maarten, 81 Schrieffer, Robert, 235 Schwarzschild radius, 81 Segev, Idan, 210, 214 Seismic tomography, 9-10 Seismic waves collection centers, 9 information gained from, 2, 4-5, 9, 10 formation process, 9-10 propagation, 11 surface, 10, 16 Seismologists /seismology, 2, 13 Seltzer, Pat, 87 Sejnowski, Terrence, 200, 201, 211, 213, 214, 217, 225, 227-229 Self-similarity, 57, 61 Semiconductors and computer development, 158 construction of, 156, 160-162 electrical conductivity, 155 interracial reactions, 42 liquid, junction, 41-42 molecular beam epitaxy and, 160-162 and molecule-based electronic devices, 37 INDEX e-type, 41, 42 photoelectrochemical cells, 40, 43 p-type, 41, 42 Shane, Donald, 70 Shannon, Claude, 154 Shear waves, 10 Shechtman, Dany, 247-248 Sherrington, Charles, 200, 210 Shockley, William, 155, 156 Signal processing, 165 Silicates chemical reactions between iron and, 19 structural transformations, 11-12 Silicon dioxide, 28 oxidizers, 42 Silk, Joseph, 74, 75 Simulated annealing, 163 Smale, Stephen, 49 Smarr, Larry L., 149-152, 174, 175, 176, 192, 193 Smithsonian Institution, 83 Smog, 180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 193 Snowflake formation, 172, 173 Socolar, E.S., 251 Sodium chloride, 28 Soft tissues, magnetic resonance imaging of, 134-137 Solar technology, 40; see also Photovoltaic cells Sound waves, see Seismic waves South Pacific Superswell, 16-17 Space measurements in, 76-77 telescope, 79 Spectrographs, 77 Spectrometers/spectrometry, 77 Stanford University, 217, 243 Stark, David, 119-120, 142, 143 Starlight, 78 Stars blue, 80 Cepheid variable, 79 formation of, 91-93
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From page 275... ...
INDEX heavier of, 82, 83 neutron, 84 State University of New York, Stony Brook, 201 Steinhardt, Paul, 248-252 Stern, Otto, 123 Stevenson, David, 2, 4-5, 9, 11-14, 17-20, 22-23 Stokes, George, 150 Stonehenge, 66 String theory, 65 Struhl, Kevin, 99, 107, 108 Suess, Eduard, 7 Sun, 72 composition, 77 gravitational field, 84 magnitude, 86 photosphere, 77, 81 Supercomputers centers, 152 Connection Machine, 175-176 costs, 176 Cray, 175, 192-193, 196 defined, 151 importance of, 149, 152-153 Internet system, 152 smog simulation, 178, 192-193, 196 spread of, 152 Superconducting Supercollider, 237 Superconducting /superconductors, 36 applications, 245-246 challenges posed by, 238-242 copper oxide, 245 dimensionality issue, 241 energy gap in materials, 241-242 high-temperature, 233-234, 238246 history, 234-238 isotope effect, 237, 241 Josephson junction, 240 and magnetic fields, 235, 237, 245 properties of, 235, 237, 245 theories, 235-237, 242-245 275 tunneling by Cooper-pair electrons, 237, 238, 242 vortex glass theory, 246 yttrium-based, 246 Surfaces minimal, 168, 169 quantum physics at, 42 T TATA boxes, 111, 112 Taylor, Jean, 153, 168, 169 Telecommunications, 156-157, 160 Telescopes, 76-77, 79, 85-86, 165 Thermal electric generation, 40 Thermodynamics, laws of, 26 Thinking Machines Corporation, 175 Thurston, William, 47, 62 Thymine, 96, 97, 104 Tjian, Robert, 94, 99, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 116-117 Topology, of transcription factors, 110-111 Transcription factors and mechanisms activation role, 110-111, 112, 114 in adenoviruses, 105-106 binding domains, 106-107 creation of proteins, 103-104 in development, 111, 113-114 in Drosophila fruit fly, 113 experimental quantities, 106-107 genetic studies of, 107-110 histone clearance, 104 hybrid proteins, 110 messenger RNA role, 97-99, 101, 104 model, 104 as oncogenes, 116-117 process, 104 promoter region, 106 RNA polymerase II role, 104 role, 94, 113 sequence of steps, 101-103 topology, 110-111
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From page 276... ...
Anthony, 67, 73, 79, 84-91 U Ullman, Shimon, 200, 201, 210, 221, 223-225 Ultrasound imaging, 121, 122, 147 Ultraviolet radiation, 183 Uncertainties, doubling time, 56 Uniformitarianism, 6-7 Universe age of, 80 black holes, 81-82, 85 computer simulation of formation of, 71-72 critical density (omega) , 69 dark-matter problem, 68-69 density field simulation, 92 evolution of, 67, 70, 75; see also Big Bang theory filaments, 72 halos, 82, 91 inhomogeneities in, 71, 85 interstellar gases, 82, 91 map, 70 observable, 72-73 singularity, 75, 79 space-time fabric, 76 steady-state theory of, 67 texture of, 69-74 voids, 71, 72, 73 see also Galaxies University of Alabama, 238 University of Arizona, 73, 83 INDEX University of California Berkeley, 3, 47, 49, 74, 94, 233 Los Angeles, 99, 120, 134, 180 Riverside, 187 San Diego, 200, 217 San Francisco, 95, 145, 225 Santa Cruz, 3, 69 University of Chicago, 79 University of Houston, 238 University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 149, 152, 170, 192, 243 University of Maryland, 46 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 3 University of Paris-XI, 54 University of Rochester, 26, 35 University of Texas, Austin, 26, 36 Uracil, 104 Uranus, 22, 48-49 U.S.
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From page 277... ...
, 47 Water anisotropically weighted, 145 interaction on macromolecular surfaces, 132-133 and magnetic resonance imaging, 121-122, 129 physics of, at critical temperatures, 172 relaxation times in, 129, 132-133 silicon oxidation, 42 SrTiO3-semiconductor-based cell for photoelectrolysis, 43 sunlight and, 30 Watson, James, 95, 96, 101, 117 Wave packets, 237 Wavelet concept, 163, 164-168 Weather doubling times for equations involving, 55 models, 192, 193 White, Simon, 70, 90 Whitehead Institute, 94, 99 277 Wiener, Norbert, 211 Wilson, J Tuzo, 15 Wilson, Robert, 74-75 Wind turbines, 40 Winer, Arthur, 180, 187, 188, 189190, 197 Wirtanen, Carl, 70 Wolfram, Stephen, 153, 168-173, 174 Wolfram Research, Inc., 153, 170 Wrighton, Mark S., 25-28, 30-35, 39, 40, 41-42, 43 Wu, Maw-Kuen, 238 X X-ray systems, 134-135 angiography, 139-140 disadvantages, 120, 121, 139-140 physics of, 121 Yeast protein GCN4, 117 transcription process in, 107-108 Yorke, lames, 46 z Zeolites, 38, 39 Zettl, Alex, 233, 240-242, 245, 246 Zeugmatography, 124 Zinc finger proteins, 107 Zwicky, Fritz, 68, 84, 85
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