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Recent Developments in Vision Research (1966) / Chapter Skim
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THE PUPILLARY REACTION TO NEAR VISION
Pages 69-76

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From page 69...
... Clinical cases with isolated impairment or loss of pupillary contraction, accommodation, or convergence are not too uncommon, and in experiments on animals, isolated pupillary constriction, accommodation of the lens, and contraction of the internal rectus muscle were ob•tained by electrical stimulation in the cortex, the oculomotor nuclear complex, or the efferent third nerve. These facts lead to the conclusion that the nervous impulses that cause accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction must arise from different cell groups within the third nerve nucleus, and travel via separate fibers to their effector muscles, whereby the paths for the ciliary muscle and the iris sphincter undergo synapses in the ciliary ganglion.
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From page 70...
... case with complete extraocular paralysis; vision perfect; pupil immobile to light but contracted well to near vision; concl. : pupil reaction does not depend on extraocular movements; probably midbrain lesion 1864, 65 Donders *
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From page 71...
... * in birds, pupil contraction faster than accommodation (electrical stimulus efferent nerves)
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From page 72...
... : pupil, accommodative vergence and accommodation are associated movements; influence of fusional convergence questionable 1949 Knoll * complex apparatus; pupil constricted with accommodation and accommodative vergence; in some subjects pupil also constricted with fusional convergence 1949 Marg & Morgan 1 complex apparatus; found linear relation between pupil diameter and (1)
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From page 73...
... .Ich griff sogar zu kiinstlichen Mitteln, um die Thiere zu zwingen, ihre Augen fur die Nahe und Ferae einzustellen, und liess zu diesem Zwecke einen jungen Hund und eine Katze zwei Tage hungern; dann band ich den Hund auf das Brett und indem ich selbst die Linsenbilder beobachtete, liess ich einen Gehulfen nach Kommando ein Stuck Wurst der Nase des Hundes nahern und dann wieder von derselben entfernen .
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From page 74...
... 1919 Engelking test pupillary threshold 1918,20 Reeves study rate, extent of pupil contraction and dilation 1923 Laurens test spectral sensitivity (photopic and scotopic) 1923 Cradle & Eisendraht study speed of pupillary contraction to light 1926 Holladay study reactions to glaring light 1926-65 Lowenstein study effects of stimulus luminance, duration, frequency 1929 Barbieri perimetry (pupil perimeter with colors or white light)
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From page 75...
... 1939-40 Hecht & Pirenne determine spectral sensitivity in owl 1942a Bartley record reactions to light flashes at different rates 1942 Wagman & Gulberg determine pupillary spectral sensitivity (scotopic) 1942 Wagman & Nathanson study effect of stimulus luminance in man and rabbit 1943 Bartley test stimulus luminance, area, binocular interaction 1945 Fry study relation of pupil, accommodation, convergence 1948 Barany & Hallden study retinal rivalry 1948 Flamant test effect of stimulus luminance for very large field 1948 Spring & Stiles test effect of light entering the eye via different areas of the pupil 1949 De Launay study effect of stimulus luminance 1949-54 Harms objective perimetry (pupil perimeter)
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From page 76...
... 1959 Samojloff objective perimetry 1959 Shakhnovitch study color sensitivity in cat 1959 Stark servo-analysis of pupil reactions (stimulus frequency) 1959 Stark & Baker servo-analysis of pupillary movements in steady light 1960b Shakhnovitch objective perimetry 1961 Alpern, Mason, & Jardinico test relations between pupil, accommodation, convergence 1961 Samojloff, Sokolova, & Shakhnovitch record eye movements and pupillary changes during near vision and other eye movements 1962a Alpern & Campbell determine photopic pupillary spectral sensitivity 1962b Alpern & Campbell study pupil during dark-adaptation after bright light 1962 Bouma determine pupillary spectral sensitivity (photopic)
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Key Terms

  • pupil contraction
  • stimulus luminance
  • color sensitivity
  • light reflex
  • record pupillary

  • objective perimetry
  • pupillary movements
  • eye movements
  • spectral sensitivity
  • study pupil

  • pupillary contraction
  • pupil perimeter
  • pupillary reaction
  • pupillary reactions
  • steady light

  • internal rectus
  • complex apparatus
  • contract pupil
  • pupil contracted
  • pupillary spectral

  • study effect
  • hess test
  • test relations
  • glaring light
  • shakhnovitch record

  • vision contraction
  • light stimuli
  • fusional convergence
  • electrical stimulation
  • study pupillary


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