Laser Radar Progress and Opportunities in Active Electro-Optical Sensing (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 287-296
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From page 287... ...
C Laser Sources and Their Fundamental and Engineering Limits This appendix summarizes in table form the characteristics of lasers and other light sources systems important to active EO sensing and their fundamental and practical engineering limitations. Tables C-1 to C-4 are called out in the laser discussion in Chapter 4.
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288 LASER RADAR TABLE C-2 Key Characteristics of State of-the-Art Cascade Diode Lasers QCL: InP/InGaAs/InAlAs Wavelength of best operation: 4-5 µm; output power: 5 W, CW with 21% efficiency (obtained with AlAs inserts to increase the effective barrier heights)
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APPENDIX C 289 TABLE C-4 Properties of Hybrid Lasers Wavelength Pulse Energy Pulsewidth Pulse Rate Material (nm)
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290 LASER RADAR TABLE C-5 Fundamental Limits of Diode Lasers: Interband, Edge-Emitting Property Value Limit Reason Comments Electrical 100% Fundamental One photon per one injected carrier efficiency energy (theory) conservation Electrical 40-70% Multiple device Ohmic losses, injected carrier spreading away from lasing efficiency issues region, active region absorption loss, Auger losses (at long (actual)
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APPENDIX C 291 TABLE C-6 Diode Lasers Vertical Cavity (VCSEL) Property Value Limit Reason Comments Electrical 100% Fundamental One photon per one injected carrier efficiency energy (theory)
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292 LASER RADAR TABLE C-7 Diode Lasers: Quantum Cascade (QCL) Property Value Limit Reason Comments Electrical Variable % Fundamental Each laser transition efficiency limited by energy of efficiency energy photon divided by bandgap of base material, but multiple (theory)
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APPENDIX C 293 TABLE C-9 Solid State Lasers: Bulk Format Property Value Limit Reason Comments Optical Quantum defect Fundamental: energy Example: 76% for 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser efficiency ≡ ratio of laser conservation pumped at 808 nm. Violated when interaction (theory)
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294 LASER RADAR TABLE C-10 Solid State Lasers: Fiber Format Property Value Limit Reason Comments Optical Quantum defect = Fundamental: Example: 95% for 1,030-nm Yb:fiber laser efficiency ratio of laser energy pumped at 976 nm. Violated for a few systems (theory)
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APPENDIX C 295 TABLE C-11 Nonlinear-Optics-Based Sources: Harmonic Generation Property Value Limit Reason Comments Conversion 100% Fundamental: For plane waves efficiency Energy (theory) conservation Second- 90% for flat-profile, high- Multiple De-phasing from finite beam width and heating harmonic energy beams (e.g., NIF)
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296 LASER RADAR TABLE C-12 Nonlinear-Optics-Based Sources: Optical Parametric Generation Property Value Limit Reason Comments Conversion 100% Fundamental: For plane waves efficiency from energy pump to signal + conservation idler (theory) Conversion Pump ÷ Signal Fundamental: For plane waves efficiency from wavelengths photon pump to signal conservation power (Manley-Rowe)
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