Science of Science and Innovation Policy Principal Investigators' Conference Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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3 Project Descriptions: Incentives, Governance, and Innovation
3 Project Descriptions: Incentives, Governance, and Innovation
Pages 23-42
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MANUFACTURING LOCATION DECISIONS AND INNOVATION Erica Fuchs, Carnegie Mellon University Erica Fuchs began by noting the significance of SciSIP having funded her work, observing that "it's pretty crazy for an engineer to look at policy problems." The application of engineering models, she added, can help illuminate the relationship between manufacturing and innovation, and she described the way she investigated this relationship. Manufacturing located in the United States accounts for only 21 percent of manufacturing value added in the world as of 2009.
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Fuchs examined data from manufacturing shops in the United States and in developing countries in East Asia, and found that in both industries, the site of manufacturing affected the calculation of the relative economic benefits of the prevailing design versus the innovative design. Firms that located their manufacturing in the United States found the emerging design to be more cost-competitive, while those located in East Asian countries found the prevailing design to be more cost-competitive.
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21 THE EFFECTS OF FUNDING POLICIES ON HUMAN STEM CELL SCIENCE Jason Owen-Smith, University of Michigan Jason Owen-Smith looked at the effects of funding policies on innovation in the field of human embryonic stem cell research, including pluripotent stem cell technologies. 22 This is an ideal example for exploring the connection between policy and research decisions, he explained, because stem cell research is cutting edge and offers potentially great benefits, but the use of stem cells has been very controversial and highly politicized.
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• Legislation is needed to ensure continuity in funding for hES cell research. • Support for hES cell research is necessary for the continued development of promising iPS cell science.
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The researchers intend to explore the specific influence of the patenting of scientific discoveries, which may have the largest economic effects, as well as the preliminary finding that local spillovers from science are increasing over time. Weinberg noted that the magnitude of the benefits of scientific activity is large, though he acknowledged that the estimates are "a little bit fuzzy." He suggested that increasing science spending by, for example, $1 billion over a year or two across the nation could increase wages and real estate prices by slightly more than one-quarter of 1 percent.
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Biological resource centers are places that store large stocks of specialized cell lines that are made available to scientists. These include stem cells as well as many other types of cell lines.
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The research leader model describes a situation in which the reputation of a researcher is enhanced if his or her work inspires others to work in the same area, thus demonstrating the powerful influence of the original work. In considering the competition/collaboration model, Thursby went on, it is important to distinguish among types of researchers who may behave differently.
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24 GENERIC DRUGS AND INCENTIVES FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Matthew Higgins, Georgia Institute of Technology There has been an exponential increase in spending on research and development (R&D) in the pharmaceutical field during the past few decades, noted Matthew Higgins, but the approval of new products has remained constant or lagged behind these expenditures.
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25 PATENT RIGHTS IN THE SOVIET UNION Lisa Cook, Michigan State University Lisa Cook set out to learn whether patent rights are necessary to spur robust innovation. It is difficult to study this question in a market economy, she noted, but socialist countries provide an "interesting laboratory" because they traditionally have not extended patent rights to their citizens.
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In particular, they examined the effect of the boycott of the Moscow Summer Olympics on these Soviet inventors, which led to a decline in their patent activity in the U.S., and found that there was a significant subsequent effect on Soviet inventors' patent activity in East Germany. CULTURE AND NATIONAL INNOVATION RATES Mark Zachary Taylor, Georgia Institute of Technology Policies and institutions have a significant influence on a nation's relative success in science and technology, noted Mark Taylor, but "they only explain anywhere from half to 75 percent of the story." There are well-designed policies and institutions that have limited effects in some countries, as well as countries that have success in science and technology despite poor policies.
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Researchers 27 have used survey instruments in numerous countries to establish cultural values by asking large numbers of people about their attitudes and preferences regarding personal traits and values. Looking across this body of work, he added, one can "triangulate": "If there is some objective thing out there that multiple scientists are trying to measure independently using different methodologies, then the noise should cancel out and the signal should come through." There are also multiple, independent measures of innovation rates, so, collectively, these data support conclusions about the relationships between the two, in Taylor's view.
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Ribarsky and his colleagues have amassed data on 5 million patent applications, for example, and also have folded in textual analysis of papers and such other sorts of data as online news sources, technical and business blogs, and the like to identify research trends and their impact. Using these tools, Ribarsky noted, it is possible to answer such questions as whether funding is lagging behind research in a particular area, how relationships between funding and research evolve over time, and which proposals and papers are shaping funding decisions.
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This ParallelTopics visualization traces trends in proposals awarded by the NSF Information and Intelligent Systems Division in the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate from 2000 to 2010. The data shown include about 4,000 awarded proposals.
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These and other trends depicted were confirmed through evaluations by a former program manager for the directorate. 29 VENTURE PHILANTHROPY Maryann Feldman, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Private foundations play a key role in funding academic research, and Maryann Feldman's research explored how attributes of philanthropic organizations affect the conduct of university research, their relationship to other funding sources and to commercial outcomes of scientific research, and possibilities for a new model of strategic foundation funding of research.
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To gain a broader picture of the influence of pooling on innovation, they studied patent pools in 20 industries that were affected by the New Deal legislation of the 1930s. Under the New Deal, Lampe explained, there was a window of time in which regulations affecting patents were relaxed, and he and Moser wanted to know whether permissive policies regarding patent pooling had encouraged or discouraged innovation.
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. FIGURE 3-2 Non-federal life sciences R&D funding substitutes for federal dollars at Carnegie doctoral high /very high research universities.
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On the other hand, more research-intensive institutions may make strategic decisions to pursue non-federal funding when federal award success rates and total funding decline. EXTRACTING AND ASSESSING THE PUBLIC VALUES OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION POLICIES Daniel Sarewitz, Arizona State University Science and innovation policy can have powerful impacts on individuals and society, and Daniel Sarewitz explored ways to understand and measure this impact.
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SOURCE: Presentation to SciSIP Principal Investigators' Conference by Daniel Sarewitz, 2012. Sarewitz noted that the traditional model by which the logic of science policy is mapped does not capture public values well.
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• Assessment of institutional capacities • Identify potential values failures (individual value failures and chain failures) Retrospective or Prospective Analysis of Capacities Societal Impact to Achieve Stipulated Public Values FIGURE 3-4 Traditional versus enhanced science policy logic models.
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Imperfect monopolies Private provision permitted yet government Clinical trials monopoly in the public interest 3. Scarcity of providers Recognition of public value and agreement on Landsat public provision but unavailability of providers 4.
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