Science of Science and Innovation Policy Principal Investigators' Conference Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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4 Project Descriptions: Work and Collaboration
4 Project Descriptions: Work and Collaboration
Pages 43-62
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From page 43... ...
The research that has examined processes has relied primarily on self-reports from team members. There are numerous mediators and moderators, however, that influence what teams produce, Paletz noted, adding that "we don't really understand what the teams are actually doing." Paletz and her colleagues developed a theory to describe the functioning of team structures, social processes, and cognitive processes, and to account for team innovative divergent and convergent outcomes (Paletz and Schunn, 2010)
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From page 44... ...
The researchers coded the conversations using social and cognitive variables at the utterance, or clause level. In one analysis, they established the degree of uncertainty the speakers expressed before, during, and after considering an analogy as they solved a problem.
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. To understand the difference in outcomes, Schunn and his colleagues added the previously used hand-selected patents to their 45 randomly selected patents, and re-ran the algorithm.
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From page 46... ...
Thus, in the STIR project, the embedded social scientists observed the decision making and challenged the laboratory practitioners to think more explicitly about the social context in which work fits. The social scientists used a protocol for midstream modulation that essentially asks the laboratory scientists questions such as: "What opportunities are you responding to?
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From page 47... ...
Fisher noted that many scientists and policy makers believe that this sort of integration is not possible, or that if it were possible, it would be undesirable. Not only would it undermine the scientific process, some believe, it would "slow down research and development." In his view, the STIR project has demonstrated both that socio-technical integration is possible and that it has utility: "It aids scientific creativity and expands decision making." Making science more responsive to societal concerns and demands also enhances its public value, he added.
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. Population began its sharp increase, and the increase for gross world product was even sharper.
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HIGHLY CREATIVE RESEARCHERS Jan Youtie, Georgia Institute of Technology Jan Youtie observed that research on highly creative scientists tends to focus on individual abilities, article citations, or the prestige rankings of universities, while less attention has been paid to the effects of career and organizational factors on scientists' creative performance. These are important though, in her view, because policy interventions can more easily address the structures that affect scientists' career paths than other factors.
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Youtie and her colleagues developed models of early and mid-career pathways they hoped would accurately predict the differing outcomes for the target and control groups. Variables for the early career stage included time to earning a degree, having a postdoctoral appointment, international experience, and the like.
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, and the emphasis on time to market." Feinstein and his colleagues investigated this tension in the context of a single institution, the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, 37 which resulted from the combined efforts of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, and a private donor to create an organization that would be responsive to the evolving nature of science. The founding of the institutes was inspired in part by the political controversy over stem cell research -- the University of Wisconsin had been a leader in this type of research, and was concerned about maintaining its leadership in foundational research if there were new restrictions on research using stem cells.
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38 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF RESEARCH TEAMS Richard Freeman and Wei Huang, Harvard University The pool of scientific researchers has grown increasingly diverse. As Richard Freeman explained, large numbers of foreign-born scientists have immigrated to the United States as students, post-doctoral researchers, and fully qualified scientists.
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From page 53... ...
Looking at other characteristics of papers and authors that affected impact factors and citations, Freeman and Huang found that research teams with different addresses and that referred to more articles produced papers that were published in better journals and had higher impact factors. TABLE 4-2 Comparison of Actual Percentage of Authors of Same Ethnicity with Expected Percentage, Based on Random Selection of Authors, in Three-Authored Papers Expected Percentage Percentage of All 3- Based on Random Authored Papers with Draw of Authors from Ratio of Actual to Ethnic Group All Authors of Same Ethnic Distribution of Expected Percentages Ethnicity All Authors (> 1 → homophily)
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From page 54... ...
More than 21 percent of scientists who have academic positions focus on applied science; on the other hand, 13 percent of those with jobs in industry focus on basic science. She and her colleagues found that young researchers with "a preference for non-monetary returns" tend to choose academic jobs over industry jobs, but not necessarily to choose basic science over applied science.
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He also commented that 62 percent of foreign-born students on temporary visas remain in the United States 5 years after completing their degrees. 42 Stuen observed that some have criticized programs designed to attract and support foreign students who want to study in the United States on several grounds.
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students contribute to science and that financial support for them has high returns. Second, he concluded that major reductions in programs designed to attract and support foreign science students would harm the scientific capacity of U.S.
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These researchers work in fairly large teams, with a median team size of 12 for the biofuels researchers and 10 for neutron scattering; the teams generally have more than 40 percent international participation. In both fields, the amount of international experience researchers had before earning their degrees varied by country of origin and other factors, but by the time they become senior researchers, the vast majority had such experience.
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From page 58... ...
Cozzens noted that the finding that research collaborations are often characterized by equal learning suggests that the theoretical model might need to be expanded. INDIGENOUS BIOSCIENTISTS Kimberly TallBear, University of California, Berkeley, and University of Texas, Austin Kimberly TallBear conducted a study to answer the question of whether increased participation in science by Native American researchers will result in research that is more inclusive of and accountable to a broader sector of society and also more rigorous, or whether the result will simply be a more diverse population of researchers but no change in concepts or approaches.
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From page 59... ...
At the same, Native American scientists "can contribute research questions, hypotheses, methods, and ethical approaches that are consonant with [their] cultural practices and knowledge priorities, rather than shaped solely by non-tribal research priorities and Western bioethical assumptions." ORGANIZATIONAL SIZE AND DISCONTENTS Jerald Hage, University of Maryland, College Park Aleia Clark, U.S.
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Furthermore, these scientists wished that they had more time for these activities as measured by a discrepancy index measuring the difference between preferred and actual time allocations. In contrast, the programmatic research area had a strong impact on the different ways in which scientists learned.
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Communities of comparable size will vary in their popularity, Wang added, and thus other factors, such as community structure or the efficiency of community resource utilization, may explain that difference. He turned to a new theoretical model, scale-free network theory, to explore possibilities.
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From page 62... ...
Wang concluded from this work that ecology theory, conventionally applied to explain dynamics of individual industries, is applicable even to an innovation community that involves multiple industries. He believes that the approach they used, drawing on what is discussed and mentioned about innovations in published articles, or discourse analysis, is a useful way to capture the flow of ideas and resources across industries.
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