Force Multiplying Technologies for Logistics Support to Military Operations (2014) / Chapter Skim
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4 Logistics Mobility
4 Logistics Mobility
Pages 66-91
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From page 66... ...
U.S. Army Field Manual FM 100-17-3 outlines the processes for forward movement of forces in response to crisis contingencies, including combat operations (DA, 1999)
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From page 67... ...
INTER THEATER JICM Scripted & dynamic AIR ENROUTE STORM THEATER WARFIGHT sustainment INTRA CONUS DEPOT APOE HOME APOD STATIONS APOE AIR ENROUTE TAA's ISB APOD SPOE SPOD MIDAS ASHORE PREPO ELIST AFLOAT PREPO Marry up AMP-PAT Friendly unit Shared location Enemy unit Reconfiguration node Mobility platform retrograde TPFDD–Time-Phased Force and Deployment Data APOE–Air Port of Embarkation SPOE–Sea Port of Embarkation ISB–Intermediate Staging Base FIGURE 4-1 MCRS-16, modeling and simulation overview of the flow of forces and materiel from the United States to an overseas contingency. NOTE: AMP-PAT, Analysis of Mobility Platform -- Port Analysis Tools; APOD, airport of debarkation; APOE, airport of embarkation; ARCEM, Air Refueling Combat Employment Model; CONUS, continental United States; CMARPS, Combined Mating and Ranging Planning System; ELIST, Enhanced Logistics Intratheater Support Tool; ISB, intermediate staging base; JICM, Joint Integrated Contingency Model; MIDAS, Model for Intertheater Deployment by Air and Sea; PREPO, prepositioned; SPOD, seaport of debarkation; SPOE, seaport of embarkation; TAA, tactical assembly area; TPFDD, time-phased force and deployment data.
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From page 68... ...
Air Force Fact Sheet on the Air Mobility Division,3 Airlift Control Team (ACT) provides intra-theater airlift functional expertise from the theater organizations to plan, coordinate and integrate the full range of mobility airpower capabilities at the operational level for intra-theater airlift operations in the area of responsibility.
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From page 69... ...
An LMSR also has two cranes, allowing it to load and unload cargo onto a dock or causeway or into smaller vessels alongside in the absence of adequate port infrastructure.4 Sea state can be a limiting factor in these operations. TABLE 4-1 Percentage of Time Different Littoral Areas Experience Sea State 3 or Less Percent of Percent Littoral Area Time Littoral Area of Time Western Atlantic 60 Mediterranean Sea 75 Eastern Atlantic 40 Persian Gulf 89 North Sea/English Channel 52 North Arabian Sea 73 Eastern Pacific 45 West Indian Ocean 52 Western and Southern Caribbean 53 Cape of Good Hope 21 Northeast South America 54 Gulf of Guinea 71 Western South Atlantic 43 Northwest Africa 48 Eastern South Pacific 40 East coast of Japan 48 Northwest South America 55 East coast of Philippines 62 Western Central America 73 Korean coast 71 SOURCE: DSB (2003)
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From page 70... ...
It is able to partially submerge. This allows the operation of various landing craft, including the landing craft air cushion (LCAC)
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From page 71... ...
In the absence of access to deepwater port facilities, material must move from oceangoing ships to inland points by moving over the shore, into estuaries, up rivers, or through underdeveloped ports. This is done using landing craft and causeway systems.
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From page 72... ...
1) 18 prepositioned Landing craft utility, 7 active Army 1990 350 6,500 10 LCU-2000 7 Army reserve 20 prepositioned Logistics support vessel 5 active Army 1988 2,000 6,500 11.5-12 (LSV)
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From page 73... ...
FIGURE 4-6 Logistics Support Vessel. SOURCE: CW4 Walter Ortiz, Marine Deck Officer, and CW4 Jennifer Trossbac, Marine Engineer Officer, "U.S.
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From page 74... ...
Finding 4-3. The three planned classes of the Maneuver Support Vessel are an important step forward in Army landing craft capabilities.
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Finding 4-4. Existing aging Landing Craft Air Cushion require considerable maintenance, though they are undergoing a service life extension program, and they have limited capacity.
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Figure 4-9 shows an artist's rendering of an SSC. It should be noted that the French, Chinese, and Russians are building 50 knot air cushion landing craft for expeditionary purposes.
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All discussion has been about the capability of the systems in sea states at the seaward end of the causeways, where the difficult operation of transferring cargo takes place. The Army systems have been tested and are reportedly capable of operating in sea state 2.
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From page 78... ...
ELCAS-M has full-size cranes that can be used to offload materiel from vessels. Notably, it can be used where there is no functional port.13 This elevated system was successfully demonstrated in 1995 and was a partial solution to the sea state limitation of the JLOTS floating causeway systems.
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From page 79... ...
Considerable work may be necessary to allow accurate forecasting of windows of opportunity for existing and future portable causeways. While the ability of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanographic Center, the Naval Research Laboratory, the Marine Meteorological Division Monterey, and other organizations to accurately forecast sea states and surf conditions is impressive, assessing the ability of floating causeways, ship ramp interfaces, and at-sea cargo transfer to work in adverse sea states remains a challenge.
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From page 80... ...
The Military Sealift Command has only one offshore petroleum distribution system vessel. Without having port facilities accessible by tankers, the Army could be highly dependent on this one vessel.
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From page 81... ...
Aerial technologies such as precision air drop and autonomous aerial vehicles could be used that would reduce the number of personnel in hazardous situations or avoid those situations entirely. Autonomy could be particularly useful in moving supplies the last tactical mile.
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From page 82... ...
projects in an effort to understand the capabilities and limitations of autonomous vehicles. The CAST program was undertaken by the Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center to determine if convoys could be implemented using leader-follower technology.
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From page 83... ...
Autonomous vehicle technologies offer a significant opportunity to automate military operations in order to improve logistics operations. They are ready to deploy in constrained settings with limited obstacles and established routes.
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From page 84... ...
This is why the states that are allowing the testing of autonomous vehicles still require a safety driver to be in the vehicle to take control from the computer if needed.19 Nevertheless, the committee believes the technology is robust enough to bring the following benefits to operations: Remove warfighters from high-risk tasks such as driving roads in hostile environments, Reduce the number of drivers required to move logistics materiel, Relieve warfighters from doing repetitive tasks, and Eliminate human errors due to factors such as fatigue. When it comes to deploying autonomous vehicle technologies in a full range of military settings (e.g., rough terrain or unpredictable routes)
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From page 85... ...
The Last Tactical Mile Over the last 5 years there have been efforts in the Department of Defense community to explore the use of autonomous vehicle technologies to provide logistical support to the last tactical mile, as well as to explore ways to lighten the load of the warfighter by providing autonomous load-bearing capabilities.20 The Marine Corps has conducted several R&D programs to develop core technologies to support these capabilities. The Ground Unmanned Support Surrogate (shown in Figure 4-16)
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From page 86... ...
Autonomous vehicle technology could be utilized to lighten the load dismounted warfighters currently must carry. Also, resupply operations in the last tactical mile could be efficiently performed by autonomous vehicles to reduce the risks to supply vehicle operators.
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From page 87... ...
Artist's concepts of ARES are shown in Figure 4-17. Another example of a potential aerial logistics support tool is the Lockheed Martin K-MAX helicopter, which is capable of both remote-controlled and unmanned operations.26 The K-MAX program is under development by the Marine Corps and is designed as a power lift helicopter capable of cargo delivery.
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From page 88... ...
Precision air drop offloads some portion of Army sustainment to the Air Force and reduces the number of Army vehicles that have to be used to deliver supplies to deployed forces. The main classes of supply air dropped in Afghanistan in 2013 were food, water, and fuel.
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From page 89... ...
31 Richard Benney, NSRDEC, "Aerial Delivery Overview to Support NRC Force Multiplying Technology for Logistics Support to Military Operations," presentation to the committee on February 5, 2014. 32 Keith Bowman and Daniel Schreiter, Precision Airdrop Program Office, AFRL, "AFRL Precision AirDrop (PAD)
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From page 90... ...
37 Richard Benney, NSRDEC, "Aerial Delivery Overview to Support NRC Force Multiplying Technology for Logistics Support to Military Operations," presentation to the committee on February 5, 2014.
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From page 91... ...
A helicopter-based Joint precision air drop system capability is being developed that could both reduce Army dependence on other Service assets and expand the number of assets that can be used in a sustainment role, adding flexibility to the sustainment mission. Recommendation 4-11.
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