Frontiers of Engineering Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2014 Symposium (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Electrochemical Prozac: Relieving Battery Anxiety through Life and Safety Research--Alvaro Masias
Electrochemical Prozac: Relieving Battery Anxiety through Life and Safety Research--Alvaro Masias
Pages 25-36
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From page 25... ...
New analytical test tools and methods are described in this article, and their refinement and adoption will enhance the ability of lithium ion technology to supplant liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the transportation sector and thus positively contribute to the global environment. INTRODUCTION The governments of the United States, European Union, China, and Japan, among others, have announced increasingly strict fuel economy regulations.
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From page 26... ...
But low-temperature, cost, and life challenges prevent lithium ion technology from supplanting lead acid chemistries in the stop-start market. The various EV types, with their different array of electrified features, place very different power, energy, and cycle life demands on their batteries.
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From page 27... ...
Cycle life acceleration is more problematic, as its decay mechanism is more difficult to accelerate through established techniques. High-precision battery testing has recently been proposed as a method to accelerate the understanding of cycle life–based decay mechanisms (Smith et al.
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From page 28... ...
Recognizing this opportunity for improvement, there has been growing interest in research on high-precision battery testing. Current academic systems have achieved 100 ppm error in terms of coulombic efficiency, with a goal of 10 ppm for future systems (Dahn et al.
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From page 29... ...
In the United States, these regulations take the form of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) , of which FMVSS 305 addresses electrified vehicles (Table 1)
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The team performed a rigorous fault tree analysis (FTA) to consider all the possible lithium ion–specific faults a vehicle could experience and produced a ranked list of priority hazards, from which the top three -- crush, overcharge, and TABLE 2 European Council for Automotive Research & Development (EUCAR)
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From page 31... ...
The sites evaluated string, module, and pack hardware built up with three types of lithium ion cells. The experimental testing and analysis allowed for significant test procedure refinement and confidence in battery responses.
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TABLE 3 Mechanical Safety Test Matrix 32 Industry standard Government regulation Freedom SAE SAE ISO ISO UN ECE Q/C-T KMVSS Test type Car J2929 J2464 12405-1 12405-3 38.3 R100 743 1.48 Mechanical integrity ● ● ● ● ● ● Mechanical shock ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Penetration ● ● ● Immersion ● ● ● ● ● Rollover ● ● Drop ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Vibration ● ● ● ● ● ● Note: ECE=Economic Commission for Europe, ISO=International Organization for Standardization, KMVSS=Korea Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Q/C-T=China Industry Standard, SAE=Society of Automotive Engineers, UN=United Nations. TABLE 4 Thermal Safety Test Matrix Industry standard Government regulation Freedom SAE SAE ISO ISO UN ECE Q/C-T KMVSS Test type Car J2929 J2464 12405-1 12405-3 38.3 R100 743 1.48 Thermal stability ● Fire expposure ● ● ● ● ● ● High-temperature storage ● ● ● Cycle w/o thermal control ● ● ● ● ● Thermal shock ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Humidity exposure ● ● ● Passive propagation ● Note: See Table 3 for abbreviations.
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From page 33... ...
This approach ignores the Ohm's law behavior of the short circuit reaction, which dictates that the severity of the short is dependent on the relative resistance of the hardware to the shunt. By exploring a range of relative resistance values it is possible to correlate test current and shunt resistance to the likely test outcome.
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From page 34... ...
34 Masias Figure 3 Phase A: Preheating A P hase B: Dir Exposur to Flame rect re 60 seconds 7 seconds 70 Pha C: Indire Exposure to Flame ase ect Phase D: End of T e Test 60 seconds 3 hours FIGURE 3 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) R100 Fire Exposure Test.
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From page 35... ...
TABLE 5 Electrical Safety Test Matrix Industry standard Government regulation Freedom SAE SAE ISO ISO UN ECE Q/C-T KMVSS Test type Car J2929 J2464 12405-1 12405-3 38.3 R100 743 1.48 Overcharge ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Short circuit ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Over discharge ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● High voltage exposure ● Partial short circuit ● Separator shutdown ● Note: ECE=Economic Commission for Europe, ISO=International Organization for Standardization, KMVSS=Korea Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Q/C-T=China Industry Standard, SAE=Society of Automotive Engineers, UN=United Nations.
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From page 36... ...
2003. FreedomCAR Battery Test Manual for Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, DOE/ID-11069.
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