Frontiers of Engineering Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2014 Symposium (2015) / Chapter Skim
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The History of Heart Valves: An Industry Perspective--Erin M. Spinner
The History of Heart Valves: An Industry Perspective--Erin M. Spinner
Pages 55-64
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From page 55... ...
pulmonary valves is simpler than that of the other valves -- they have greater symmetry and lack the subvalvular components characteristic of the mitral and tricuspid valves -- making them an attractive target for early research. The aortic and pulmonary valves consist of three leaflets of similar size and shape that are attached to the tubular vessel; in contrast, the mitral and tricuspid valves have leaflets that vary in number and size.
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From page 56... ...
and mechanical valves. The valve designs vary in numerous aspects and have evolved over time, but the goal has remained the same: an easily implantable and durable solution that increases blood flow while decreasing the risk of associated complications such as thrombosis.
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From page 57... ...
Prosthetic Valves Transplanted whole valves remain a viable option, but prosthetic valves, including both mechanical and pericardial tissue valves, hold the largest share of
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From page 58... ...
In contrast to mechanical valves, pericardial tissue, the sac that lines the heart, is highly durable and therefore used to construct the leaflets of a tissue prosthetic valve. The leaflets are then sewn to the stent support structure attached to the sewing ring.
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From page 59... ...
The first transcatheter delivery of a valve was attempted in the 1960s, but it has only recently become accepted as a viable procedure, aided by advances in stent design and noninvasive imaging techniques. The development of transcatheter heart valves showcases the power of a multidisciplinary approach: it merges technologies from numerous devices (e.g., coronary stents and balloon angioplasty)
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From page 60... ...
Placed inside a defective tissue valve, transcatheter valves provide a way around the challenge of tissue valve durability: a tissue valve may be implanted in a younger patient with the idea that an additional valve can be placed if needed at a later date. Valve manufacturers are expanding the number of diseases they can treat through transcatheter technologies; for example, companies are working to treat mitral valve regurgitation, a much larger market compared to aortic valve pathology.
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From page 61... ...
This development allows transcatheter valves to be shipped on the delivery catheter and eliminates the need for an engineer to be present at the procedure. These examples are a testament to the benefits of new technologies: they both enable and force development beyond what was previously thought possible.
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From page 62... ...
With increased confidence in current device durability for both mechanical and tissue valves, the focus is changing from surgical to transcatheter implants and from replacement to repair devices implanted with transcatheter methods. Each advance requires greater understanding of the disease state of the valve.
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From page 63... ...
1985. Anatomic analysis of removed prosthetic heart valves: Causes of failure of 33 mechanical valves and 58 bioprostheses, 1980 to 1983.
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