Agricultural Development and Environmental Research American and Czechoslovak Perspectives: Proceedings of a Bilateral Workshop (1987) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT'
'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT'
Pages 137-146
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 137... ...
Pesticide use worldwide has brought about many unforeseen environmental problems which affect not only the agricultural community but the general population as well. Problems affecting agriculture include pesticide resistance and secondary pest outbreaks.
|
From page 138... ...
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an interdisciplinary approach using multiple methods to maintain pest populations at tolerable levels.
|
From page 139... ...
Although growers in the United States are fully capable of learning and then applying these principles and tactics, many growers, especially in California, are relying increasingly upon guidance from professional pest control advisors in making pest control decisions. Pest control advisors must understand how pests, their natural enemies, and the crop interact with each other and also respond to changes in weather and management practices.
|
From page 140... ...
An assumption of IPM is that some level of pest infestation can be tolerated and that the crop system can be managed to keep the pest population from exceeding an injury level with unacceptable economic consequences. The approach varies with: • the relationship between the pest infestation and crop yield or quality; • the cost of the pest control tactic; • the amount of physical damage that can be prevented by the control measure; • the monetary value of the portion of the crop saved by the control measure; • the cost associated with failure to control the reproduction of the pest and the future consequences resulting from the residual population.
|
From page 141... ...
This research involves absolute sampling to provide estimates of the total population of an area, which can be accomplished by counting numbers of organisms directly on the sampling unit or by removing all organisms from a definable sampling area for counting. Devices that can be used to remove organisms include suction traps and rotary nets for aerial samples; beating devices, suction traps, emergence traps, brushing, and washing machines for foliar samples; and core samplers and emergence traps for soil samples.
|
From page 142... ...
Automatic weather stations and data loggers with probes that sense various meteorological parameters are available and are being used by public agencies and by some medium to large farms to gather and store weather information for use in making management decisions. In addition, at least three private companies have combined automated meteorological data acquisition with computer programs for specific applications and are marketing these microprocessor-based products as pest management tools for farmers and pest control advisors.
|
From page 143... ...
Augmentation -- the propagation of large numbers of biological control agents for release against specific pests at strategic times -- is a third approach. Cultural Controls Cultural controls are modifications of the physical environment that reduce the survival or reproductive capacity of pests or their ability to attack crop plants.
|
From page 144... ...
Phonological models discussed earlier are examples of simple attempts to explain the physiological development of certain organisms in terms of a single factor: their exposure to the environment. Despite their simplicity, such models are being widely used for timing control actions and monitoring activities of pests for which they have been developed.
|
From page 145... ...
The Agricultural Experiment Stations and the Cooperative Extension Services of the Land Grant colleges and universities continue to fund IPM research on a number of crops and environmental resources. The University of California received funding from the California State Legislature in 1979 for a special project to develop and implement Integrated Pest Management systems on selected California commodities.
|
From page 146... ...
:267-74. Integrated pest management for alfalfa hay.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.