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'APPENDIX 2: Final Document'
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From page 218... ... Appendix 2 Final Document NAS-CSAV Workshop on Agricultural Development and Environmental Research CSAV South Bohemian Biological Center Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia April 7 - 10, 1987 Selected Problems Identified by Participants: • Lack of adequate attention to ecological aspects of intensified use of agricultural land, including spatial organization of production, urbanization patterns, effective land utilization, and use of mountainous areas • Lack of comprehensive approaches to evaluation of human activities in the landscape • Increased disruption of vegetation, including trees and shrubs, as life-supporting and stabilizing systems in the rural landscape • Degradation of soil through erosion, salinization, sodification, organic matter deterioration, and toxic pollutants • Poor soil management practices due to lack of understanding of soil behavior, poorly developed methods for soil analysis, and inadequate use of biotechnologies • Degradation of surface waters by silt, algae, and toxic pollutants • Inadequate knowledge as to the current extent of contamination of surface water and groundwater and the associated risks to human health • Lack of understanding of the properties of pesticides, of soil, and of agricultural practices that influence pesticide migration to water resources • Increasing exposure to toxic chemicals of human populations, including agricultural workers, and of plant and animal components of ecosystems in agricultural areas 218 Read the entire page →
From page 219... ... 219 including agricultural workers, and of plant and animal components of ecosystems in agricultural areas • Necessity of improving plant protection by integrated pest management, reduction of amounts of chemicals, and use of natural resources • Lack of tolerance of plants to pathogens and other environmental stresses • Damage caused by parasites in ecosystems created or altered by human activities • Lack of interdisciplinary research to examine the interactions of plant growth, pest development, and the environment • Limitations on traditional methods to improve crop productivity with minimum environmental damage • Possible climatic changes from increased levels of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur compounds in the atmosphere • Impact of acid deposition on biological systems • Excessive use in agricultural systems of inputs which are heavy consumers of energy • Need for alternative sources of nitrogen to replace fertilizers • Lack of effective and ecologically safe methods for waste disposal • Need for more rapid application of research results Selected Research Priorities: • Improve understanding of how the natural resource base can be used most effectively in intensifying agricultural activities with minimum adverse ecological effects • Develop and apply systems analysis techniques in assessing and managing natural and altered ecosystems • Refine and adopt methodological approaches to resolving problems related to ecologically optimal uses of landscapes • Study the taxonomy of soil organisms, their role in soil farming, soil microorganisms, and soil fauna • Increase understanding of the biology and microstructure of soils • Investigate nutrient transformations and losses in ecosystems • Investigate commerical husbandry in ecosystems created or modified by human activities, including animal density considerations • Develop and apply exposure assessment techniques, including techniques for estimating human exposure to toxic chemicals through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption and associated pharmokinetic aspects Read the entire page →
From page 220... ... 220 • Develop and apply ecological risk assessment techniques • Evaluate techniques for minimizing waste generation, including recycling, for applying bioengineered organisms to degrade hazardous wastes and for assessing environmental transport and fate of waste products • Determine the effects of acid deposition on biological systems • Investigate interspecies relationships in weed/crop systems under different ecological regimes as a basis for reducing the amounts of herbicides • Encourage basic research on biologically active compounds, their testing and application • Expand research on genetic engineering for increasing agricultural productivity and for developing plant species which are resistant to diseases and pests • Expand the base of knowledge necessary for identifying new organisms which can be used in biological control and for improving the properties of existing biological agents • Develop simple and inexpensive programs for monitoring pest abundance • Develop agricultural systems and system components which are less dependent upon high energy inputs, which maintain productivity, and which have enhanced ecological acceptability • Explore plant/microbe relationships, particularly to enhance biological nitrogen fixation • Improve both partners [legume and rhizobium] of nitrogen fixation • Pursue conventional and biotechnological breeding programs for crops with lower fertilizer requirements for acceptable yields • Study the expression of transferred genes related to monocotyledonous plants • Explore the metabolic mechanisms controlling the rate of photosynthesis • Encourage research on the mechanism for controlling plant regeneration from cells and tissues Selected Themes for Cooperation: • Improved understanding of the concepts and potential of landscape ecology as a planning and management tool • Methods for investigating ecological systems, structures, and processes, and for evaluating ecological stability of landscapes Read the entire page →
From page 221... ... 221 • Methods and models for ecological optimization of land use and management • Soil biology, including simulation modeling • Mathematical methods for modeling ecosystems • Role of soil organisms in nutrient cycling and in soil microstructure formation connected with organic farming • Relationships among parasites, hosts, and environments, particularly in terms of immunology and resistance • Field studies of pesticide leaching and movement in water resources • Laboratory investigations of transformation rate constants and properties for pesticides of particular concern • Monitoring exposure of agricultural workers to pesticides • Effects of chemicals on reproductive systems as a biomonitoring technique • Ecological exposure and risk assessment methodologies • Biodegradation techniques for reducing waste disposal problems • Biological and genetic control of pests • Basic research on biologically active compounds for pest and weed control and their application • Use of genetic engineering in the development of resistance to plant diseases and other pests • Optimization of pest control through development of improved pest management systems • Study of weed control and the maintenance of ecological balance • Use of biotechnology to develop new crop breeding methods • Biotechnological approaches to enhanced agricultural productivity • Development of agricultural systems which are less dependent on high energy inputs • Breeding of legumes for improved nitrogen fixation • Effects of air pollutants such as SO2 on selected biological species, including use of remote sensing Possible Mechanisms for Increased Scientific Cooperation: • Use of interacademy program: - exchanges of individual scientists nominated by CSAV and NAS - bilateral workshops and symposia Read the entire page →
From page 222... ... and Czechoslovak scientists in scientific meetings in Czechoslovakia and the United States, respectively Exchange of genetic materials Exchange of information on institutional capabilities and research projects being planned and in progress in the two countries Visits by American industrial research scientists to Czechoslovakia to become acquainted with scientific activities of possible commercial interest to U.S. companies Read the entire page →

From page 218...

... Appendix 2 Final Document NAS-CSAV Workshop on Agricultural Development and Environmental Research CSAV South Bohemian Biological Center Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia April 7 - 10, 1987 Selected Problems Identified by Participants: • Lack of adequate attention to ecological aspects of intensified use of agricultural land, including spatial organization of production, urbanization patterns, effective land utilization, and use of mountainous areas • Lack of comprehensive approaches to evaluation of human activities in the landscape • Increased disruption of vegetation, including trees and shrubs, as life-supporting and stabilizing systems in the rural landscape • Degradation of soil through erosion, salinization, sodification, organic matter deterioration, and toxic pollutants • Poor soil management practices due to lack of understanding of soil behavior, poorly developed methods for soil analysis, and inadequate use of biotechnologies • Degradation of surface waters by silt, algae, and toxic pollutants • Inadequate knowledge as to the current extent of contamination of surface water and groundwater and the associated risks to human health • Lack of understanding of the properties of pesticides, of soil, and of agricultural practices that influence pesticide migration to water resources • Increasing exposure to toxic chemicals of human populations, including agricultural workers, and of plant and animal components of ecosystems in agricultural areas 218

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From page 219...

... 219 including agricultural workers, and of plant and animal components of ecosystems in agricultural areas • Necessity of improving plant protection by integrated pest management, reduction of amounts of chemicals, and use of natural resources • Lack of tolerance of plants to pathogens and other environmental stresses • Damage caused by parasites in ecosystems created or altered by human activities • Lack of interdisciplinary research to examine the interactions of plant growth, pest development, and the environment • Limitations on traditional methods to improve crop productivity with minimum environmental damage • Possible climatic changes from increased levels of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur compounds in the atmosphere • Impact of acid deposition on biological systems • Excessive use in agricultural systems of inputs which are heavy consumers of energy • Need for alternative sources of nitrogen to replace fertilizers • Lack of effective and ecologically safe methods for waste disposal • Need for more rapid application of research results Selected Research Priorities: • Improve understanding of how the natural resource base can be used most effectively in intensifying agricultural activities with minimum adverse ecological effects • Develop and apply systems analysis techniques in assessing and managing natural and altered ecosystems • Refine and adopt methodological approaches to resolving problems related to ecologically optimal uses of landscapes • Study the taxonomy of soil organisms, their role in soil farming, soil microorganisms, and soil fauna • Increase understanding of the biology and microstructure of soils • Investigate nutrient transformations and losses in ecosystems • Investigate commerical husbandry in ecosystems created or modified by human activities, including animal density considerations • Develop and apply exposure assessment techniques, including techniques for estimating human exposure to toxic chemicals through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption and associated pharmokinetic aspects

Read the entire page →

From page 220...

... 220 • Develop and apply ecological risk assessment techniques • Evaluate techniques for minimizing waste generation, including recycling, for applying bioengineered organisms to degrade hazardous wastes and for assessing environmental transport and fate of waste products • Determine the effects of acid deposition on biological systems • Investigate interspecies relationships in weed/crop systems under different ecological regimes as a basis for reducing the amounts of herbicides • Encourage basic research on biologically active compounds, their testing and application • Expand research on genetic engineering for increasing agricultural productivity and for developing plant species which are resistant to diseases and pests • Expand the base of knowledge necessary for identifying new organisms which can be used in biological control and for improving the properties of existing biological agents • Develop simple and inexpensive programs for monitoring pest abundance • Develop agricultural systems and system components which are less dependent upon high energy inputs, which maintain productivity, and which have enhanced ecological acceptability • Explore plant/microbe relationships, particularly to enhance biological nitrogen fixation • Improve both partners [legume and rhizobium] of nitrogen fixation • Pursue conventional and biotechnological breeding programs for crops with lower fertilizer requirements for acceptable yields • Study the expression of transferred genes related to monocotyledonous plants • Explore the metabolic mechanisms controlling the rate of photosynthesis • Encourage research on the mechanism for controlling plant regeneration from cells and tissues Selected Themes for Cooperation: • Improved understanding of the concepts and potential of landscape ecology as a planning and management tool • Methods for investigating ecological systems, structures, and processes, and for evaluating ecological stability of landscapes

Read the entire page →

From page 221...

... 221 • Methods and models for ecological optimization of land use and management • Soil biology, including simulation modeling • Mathematical methods for modeling ecosystems • Role of soil organisms in nutrient cycling and in soil microstructure formation connected with organic farming • Relationships among parasites, hosts, and environments, particularly in terms of immunology and resistance • Field studies of pesticide leaching and movement in water resources • Laboratory investigations of transformation rate constants and properties for pesticides of particular concern • Monitoring exposure of agricultural workers to pesticides • Effects of chemicals on reproductive systems as a biomonitoring technique • Ecological exposure and risk assessment methodologies • Biodegradation techniques for reducing waste disposal problems • Biological and genetic control of pests • Basic research on biologically active compounds for pest and weed control and their application • Use of genetic engineering in the development of resistance to plant diseases and other pests • Optimization of pest control through development of improved pest management systems • Study of weed control and the maintenance of ecological balance • Use of biotechnology to develop new crop breeding methods • Biotechnological approaches to enhanced agricultural productivity • Development of agricultural systems which are less dependent on high energy inputs • Breeding of legumes for improved nitrogen fixation • Effects of air pollutants such as SO2 on selected biological species, including use of remote sensing Possible Mechanisms for Increased Scientific Cooperation: • Use of interacademy program: - exchanges of individual scientists nominated by CSAV and NAS - bilateral workshops and symposia

Read the entire page →

From page 222...

... and Czechoslovak scientists in scientific meetings in Czechoslovakia and the United States, respectively Exchange of genetic materials Exchange of information on institutional capabilities and research projects being planned and in progress in the two countries Visits by American industrial research scientists to Czechoslovakia to become acquainted with scientific activities of possible commercial interest to U.S. companies

Read the entire page →

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'APPENDIX 2: Final Document' Pages 218-222

'APPENDIX 2: Final Document'
Pages 218-222