Future National Research Policies Within the Industrialized Nations Report of a Symposium (1992) / Chapter Skim
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The European Community
The European Community
Pages 17-28
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From page 17... ...
. If we Took at the universities first, some countries within the European Community exercise central control of the universities through a national ministry responsible for them; this is the case in France and Italy, for example.
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The JRC has not so far been allowed to be an outstanding success, mainly because the member states have been unwilling to relinquish national sovereignty in a number of areas. But it 18 Future National Research Policies
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In other areas, the small size of the individual member states has until now prevented the kind of investment levels that are seen in the United States or Japan. The excellence of the European research system has enticed a very large number of multinationals to set up research laboratories in Europe, and this is a most important theme now in view of stronger cooperation on both sides of the Atlantic.
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In the United States, fortunately, the unity of the nation exists, in spite of the various competencies of the states. On the contrary, in Europe the task is much more difficult because we have to build up the essential elementary infrastructures of the great European Market.
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The agenda of the Joint Consultative Group is remarkably wide ranging, covering the role of science and technology in the European Community and the United States, energy and the environment, R&D in central and eastern Europe, basic science mega-projects, manpower and human resources, biotechnology, and information technology. We have now planted the seed of cooperation between the European Community and the United States in science and technology and we have nursed the seed for a year.
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Human Capital Living in the United States, you possibly do not appreciate the advantage of living in a very large country. This advantage is that almost all of the very broad spectrum of modern science and technology is covered, which means that when a young man or woman in the United States is interested in a certain scientific or technological career, it is quite normal that he or she may take a bachelor's at Harvard and then go on to Cal Tech or whatever.
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From page 23... ...
All proposals must be transnational. As a rule of thumb, and in the name of what we have come to call "practical subsidiarily," I would say that when collaboration involves two nations, then Europe's traditional and highly developed bilateral systems the Royal Society, the Von Humboldt Stiftung, and so on-provide excellent methods.
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probably is one of the best exam _~_ ~. r 24 Future National Research Policies
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There are two ways to support European industry or, generally speaking, to support industry everywhere in the world. The first way is to support directly the activities of the industry in order to develop new products in a way directly linked to the needs of the industry vis-a-vis the market.
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26 Future National Research Policies
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It is expected that there will be a certain tendency of scientists or young researchers in central and eastern European countries to move toward western Europe or to the United States. This is the historical trend.
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28 Future National Research Policies
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