Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993) / Chapter Skim
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From page 265... ...
This profile addresses the questions of agricultural sustainability in the Brazilian humid tropics by analyzing the important present and potential land uses and by considering their sustainabilities and potential for improvement and expansion. BASIS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF AMAZONIAN AGRICULTURE Sustainability must be the basis for analysis and implementation of agricultural land use alternatives for the Brazilian Amazon, but Emanuel Adilson Souza Serrao is a research agronomist and Alfredo Kingo Oyama Homma is a socioeconomist at the Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal da Amazonia Oriental (Center for Agroforestry Research of the Eastern Amazon)
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From page 266... ...
In this scenario agricultural technology will play the major role. THE BRAZILIAN HUMID TROPICS The Brazilian humid tropics encompasses the geographic area that has been named, for development purposes, the legal Amazon, an area of about 510 million ha, corresponding to 60 percent of Brazil's national territory.
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et al., 1990; Superintendency for the Development of the Amazon, 1991~. In general, per capita income in the Amazon region is very low, equivalent to US$1,271 (1991)
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These macroecologic units and their distributions could be useful for making the first approximations of agroecological zoning in the Amazon. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT To evaluate agricultural sustainability in the Brazilian Amazon, it is important to examine agricultural development chronologically and from the physical and economic viewpoints.
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269 o ~ ~ be ¢ ~ at ~ =~ o _ N Cal O ¢ ~ — X ~ O O _ _ o ¢ ED a, o ·= U ._ O _ C)
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270 x .~ s to I_ o to go ~ ~ ~ o (V _ N if or C 5 ~ O ~ ._ _ O O I., ·— _ _ ~ _ ~ C _ O ._ to .~0 .= ~ ._ O 00 ~ t~ ~ ~J 1O 10 1` ~ O ~ 00 ~ O Cal Cal ~ A)
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. From 1900 to 1953, extraction activities in the Amazon were greater than crop farming and cattle raising, contributing 50 percent of the agricultural gross national product (AGNP)
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The predominance of crop farming and cattle raising over extraction activities was observed in the 1970s and continues to the present. Most of those involved with extraction activities turned to crop farmAgricultural Development in the Brazilian Amazon 61~1750 750-1822 850-1912 927 932 933 939-1945 966 967 Agricultural activities were primarily the extraction of exotic herbs and medicinal plants as well as spices, especially cacao Extraction activities and some smallffale expansion of shifting subsistence agriculture and cattle raising activities Rubber extraction mostly displaced the then prevalent agricultural activities to meet international demand Henry Ford launched the first and largest private domes ticated rubber plantation in Brazil, but the lack of ag ronomic sustainability led to the enterprise's failure; it was transferred to the Brazilian government in 1945 Japanese immigrants introduced and expanded jute crop agriculture in the floodplains along the upper and mid Amazon River Japanese immigrants introduced black pepper, an impor tant source of revenue for the state of Para Rubber regained its importance as a strategic product as a result of the Washington Agreement signed in 1942, which guaranteed the supply of natural rubber to the Allied Forces (rubber tree plantations in southeastern Asia were controlled by the Japanese)
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was created in an attempt to, among other things, control deforestation and help to promote ecologically sustainable development in Brazil, particularly in the Am1980 1987 1980s 1989 azon
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During the past 3 decades, despite their still modest acreage in relation to shifting agriculture and cattle raising, perennial crop plants such as African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) , rubber (Hevea spp.)
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In areas with high population densities, intensive annual and perennial cropping is expanded, subtracting from activities in areas previously devoted to extraction, shifting agriculture, and extensive cattle raising. Land prices become even higher and intensive agricultural practices are predominant.
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AGRICULTU~L DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHEASTERN PAM The northeastern part of the state of Para was one of the first areas to be brought into upland agricultural production in the Amazon. After supporting rubber extraction activities by producing and supplying agricultural products to rubber-producing areas in the Amazon, this region went through a series of transformations and now produces about 90 percent of Brazil's black pepper; 50 percent of the national malva (Urena lobata)
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Documento 27. Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research~enter for Agroforestry Research of the Eastern Amazon.
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Large-scale cattle raising, which involves slash-and-burn destruction of the forest, has been severely criticized for its role in the region's deforestation. One of the reasons for land conflicts is the dichotomy of cattle raising, which demands large tracts of land for pasture establishment (to cover up for rapid pasture degradation)
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Cacao, sugarcane, and food crop production were predominant agricultural activities. However, during the last 20 years of development, cattle raising also became important, causing the fusion of many agricultural lots owned by small-scale farmers.
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DEFORESTATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon region is closely connected to agricultural development, mainly with shifting agriculture, cattle raising, and logging activities. Because of this and because the extent, rate, causes, and consequences of deforestation have been a major concern worldwide, some highlights are stressed here.
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This represents about 7 percent of the legal Amazon region and an area corresponding to seven Costa Ricas or to about the amount of cultivated land in Italy, England, and France. Table 2 gives the extent and rate of deforestation in the so-called Legal Amazon through 1990.
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282 ~4 _ ~ o g ~ ._ TV ~E Hi: ~ of o E~ o N ¢ be ·= o ._ Cal V, o Al .
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It is not clear how much deforestation can be attributed to logging because much of the timber extracted is a by-product of land clearing for other agricultural purposes (Mahar, 1989) , mainly cattle raising and shifting agriculture.
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Environmental Impacts of Deforestation Deforestation for agricultural development in the Brazilian Amazon region-has been closely connected with environmental disturbances, mainly climate change, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, flooding, and the impact of smoke. Typical deforestation contributes to the increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and, therefore, to the possible warming of the earth that may result from this Increase.
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present and potential fire hazards have been a major concern. When the susceptibility to fire of four different dominant vegetation cover types in the eastern Amazon was studied, it was found that cattle pastures were the most fire-prone ecosystem; this was followed by selectively logged forests and second-growth (capoeira)
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The climatic aspect of the loss of these dry season functions is unknown. MACROLIMITATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of the Brazilian Amazon region place important limitations on the existence, maintenance, or implementation of sustainable agricultural development.
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This is because of high levels of soil leaching, organic matter decomposition, and biotic pressures. Weeds, pests, and diseases are the most important limiting factors for increased production and productivity in the Brazilian humid tropics.
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, the farmers listed their limiting factors in the following order: health deficiency; lack of seeds, fertilizers, and transportation; low prices for their products; and the
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Political Limitations In general, development policies for the Brazilian Amazon region have shown low levels of efficacy in the internalization of income and labor, reinforcing the tendency to concentrate development activities within a few states, mainly Para and Amazonas, and in the urban areas of state capitals. The penetration of capital into the field has determined the disarticulation of traditional activities in rural areas, stimulating large-scale rural-to-urban migration, which, in association with migratory fluxes, results in increasing social tensions regarding land ownership, swelling of populations in cities, and growing urban unemployment and underemployment.
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ENVIRONMENTAL BOrrLENECKS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Agricultural development in the Amazon has been faced with a number of environmental bottlenecks that have limited its bioeconomic sustainability. Along with the continental dimensions of the Brazilian Amazon, the complexity of the humid tropical ecosystems stands out, requiring that most of the technology be generated locally.
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From page 291... ...
Even though knowledge accumulation through research started as early as the 1930s, the greatest efforts began in the 1970s after which, among other events, the Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) and the Cooperative System of Agriculture Research (headed by EMBRAPA)
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The available knowledge supports more intensive planting of rubber trees, Brazil nut, guarana, cupuac,u (Theobroma grandiflorum) , pupunha (Guilielma gasipaes)
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In the other direction, efforts have been made to domesticate tree species of high economic value, introduce exotic species, establish integrated systems involving agriculture and cattle raising, and select and test cellulose-producing plants. Annual Food and Fiber Crops Some knowledge has been gained for obtaining improved varieties of rice, beans, cassava, and maize, as well as for the development of cultural practices and of integrated systems with perennial crop plants.
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. A fair amount of knowledge on the potential and limitations of natural grassland ecosystems has also become available.
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Formal technical assistance and rural extension in the Brazilian humid tropics have been low in efficiency for supporting agricultural development. The reduced efficiency in the diffusion and adoption of technological improvements is still a major bottleneck in developing more sustainable agriculture in the Amazon.
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This section evaluates the present states of sustainability of the most important agricultural land use systems, namely, extraction of forest products, upland shifting cultivation, varzea floodplain cropping, cattle raising, perennial crop plantation, and agrisilvopastoral systems (systems that combine crops, pastures, animals, and trees)
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. In the Brazilian humid tropics, there are two types of extraction, namely, gathering extraction, in which the resource is extracted without any major damage to the plant, and destructive extraction, in which the extraction activity results in the destruction of the plant (Homma, 1989~.
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298 o o Ct In CJ o In o · — An Cal ._ I o ._ ·_ N Ct ._ U
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299 ~ ~ ~ C ~ —~ —~ — be ~ ,3 i= ._ .to 3 o, =; .04 3 3 o 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ CO Ct ~ _ ~ V CJ ~ o ~ ~ ." .= ~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ¢, a, Hi, '_ 04 it, ~ lo, ~ ~ ~ — ~ ~ ~ _ ~ a, ~ ~ ~ ~ au 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
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2 Rondonia, Mato Grasso Upland shifting agriculture; Medium High High Amazon region Traditional varzea floodplain Medium/ High High crop production; Amazonas, high Parfi Upland perennial and semi- High Low/ Medium perennial crop production; medium Parfi, Rondania, Mato Grasso Wood plantation production; Parfi, High Medium Medium Amapfi Agroforestry systems (Nippo- High Medium Medium Brazilian type) ; Parfi Cattle production on first-cycle Low Low Medium/ forest-replacing open pastures; high Amazon region Cattle production on second-cycle Medium Medium Medium/ forest-replacing open pastures; high Amazon (Pare, Mato Grasso, Tocantins)
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BRAZIL 301 Present Sustainability Level Agronomic Zootechnical Ecological Economic Social Cultural Very high NA Very high Low Low Very high Low NA Low (?
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) Medium Rondonia, Mato Grasso Upland shifting agriculture; Medium/ NA Medium Medium Amazon region high Traditional varzea floodplain Medium/ NA Low/ Medium crop production; Amazonas, high medium Para Upland perennial and semi- Low/ NA Medium Medium/ perennial crop production; medium high Para, Rondonia, Mato Grasso Wood plantation production; Medium NA Medium Low Para, Amapa Agroforestry systems (Nippo- Medium/ NA Medium/ Medium/ Brazilian type)
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Medium Medium Low Low/ medium Low/ ? Medium/ medium high Medium Low/ Exploration and management techniques; enrichment; integration with agroforestry; marketing Very high Exploration and management techniques; enrichment Organic matter management; improved crop varieties; integration with agroforestry Water control for crop production; selection of adapted crop varieties; non-water polluting intensive crop systems Disease control; agroforestry; domestication of high-value native perennial crop plants High Domestication of high-value timber and cellulose-producing trees; integration into agrosilvopastoral systems Domestication of high-value tree, food, and forage crops; development of alternative systems Should not be stimulated now Selection of grasses and legumes for open pastures; selection of forages, crops, and trees for agrosilvopastoral systems Selection of forages, crops, trees, and animals for integrated systems; designing, testing, and implementing alternative agrosilvopastoral systems Selection of forages for pasture establishment on adjacent upland areas; integration of native and cultivated pastures Fire and grazing management; selection of forages, crops, and trees for integrated systems Low/ Mineral supplementation; selection of forage grasses and legumes for pasture establishment in gradients G1 and G2 medium medium
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From page 304... ...
Extent of deforestation needed Extent of burning needed Long-term implication in relation to the ecology Current judgment of producer in relation to ecology Present extent of environmental degradation because of use Support from environmental institutions Possibility of being used in degraded lands Effect on climate change Effect on greenhouse gases Potential for improving environmental conditions Economic Parameters Subject to price fluctuations Need for intermediaries for commercialization Trustworthy policies for the sector Need for credit Problems of overproduction Competitiveness with other activities (production systems)
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Strong political participation (lobbying capabilities) Also serving as labor for other agricultural activities (for example, small farmers also serving as labor for weeding pastures in large neighboring cattle ranches)
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In most cases extraction activities are associated with the acquisition of food products from agricultural activities. For example, the autonomous rubber tappers of Acre integrate shifting agriculture with cattle raising activities.
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, one scheme to accomplish integration might involve the utilization of swidden plots (plots where the vegetative cover has been burned) as sites for agroforestry systems since, in most areas where extraction activities occur, swidden plots are abandoned after a few years of cultivation.
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From page 308... ...
The selection of highvalue, low-input, easy-to-establish annual and perennial crops and trees for extractive reserve enrichment should be the most important goal of research. Extraction of Timber Products Timber extraction—a subsystem of extraction of forest productshas had accelerated growth during the past 2 decades because of wood scarcity in the extra-Amazon regions of Brazil and in southeastern Asia and because of the increased value of some regional wood species such as mahogany and cerejeira ¢Amburana acreanaJ (Yared, 1991)
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These open conditions favor the growth of vine species, which frequently dominate logged sites for many years. Economically, technologically, and environmentally, natural forest management for timber extraction has been deficient (Uhf et al., 1991; Yared, 1991~.
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Forest timber resources are abundant and cheap in the Brazilian humid tropics. Therefore, there is little incentive on the part of the industry to engage in constructive management (Uhf et al., 1991~.
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Under these conditions, long fallow periodsthe prime condition necessary for maintaining the agronomic sustainability of the system are not as feasible as before, and in the long run, shifting agriculture will be replaced naturally by more intensive land use systems. From the socioeconomic point of view in Brazil, and particularly in the Amazon, annual subsistence crops (mainly cassava, beans, malva, rice, and maize)
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From page 312... ...
Improvement ~ socioeconomic susta~abiLty ~ possible for commercial family or nosily properties. However limiting factors such as Be p~va0~g Adequate inhast~ctural and technological conditions impose severe constraints on Improvement earth lhere~re, although favoring equity ~ income distribution among those who practice h.
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From page 313... ...
suggests that external factors such as population pressure, integration of a market economy, and cultural and technological influences are disrupting small-farm production systems, causing their degradation in three dimensions namely, ecologic degradation as a consequence of shorter fallow periods, resulting in low, unstable, and undiversified production; economic degradation caused by unfavorable price relations for basic food products that are controlled by the government and that prevent agricultural modernization (Alvim, 1989~; and human resource degradation as a result of insufficient work force replacement because of low levels of nutrition and formal and informal education as well as the loss of skilled labor to urban areas. SUSTAINABILITY OF SHIFTING AGRICULTURE IN UPLAND ARM From the biologic point of view, annual crops such as rice, maize, cassava, beans, and sugarcane demand substantial quantities of soil nutrients for satisfactory yields (Goodland and Irwin, 1975)
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RESEARCH NEEDS Research support should be directed toward a gradual transformation of shifting agriculture into more sustainable agroforestry and even agropastoral systems, thus preventing farmers who practice shifting agriculture from being displaced from their lands. Research should focus on the development of annual and perennial crop varieties and their integrated utilization in agroforestry systems to improve the sustainability of upland agriculture by small farmers in the Brazilian humid tropics.
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From page 315... ...
At the present levels of demographic density and low technological intensity, the ecologic sustainability of the floodplain agricultural system is satisfactory because the extent and intensity of clearing and burning are relatively low. It has been emphasized that the Amazon's varzea floodplains should be used as an alternative to intensive agricultural production (mainly annual food crops)
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From page 316... ...
RESEARCH NEEDS If the development described above is to take place, research must concentrate on the development of production systems with minimum inputs and with the least possible damage to the aquatic ecosystem of the floodplains. Cattle Raising on Pastures that Have Replaced Forests A major agricultural development in the Brazilian humid tropics has been the turning of rain forests into pastures to raise cattle.
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. These problems, which have resulted in low levels of sustainability, were typical of cattle raising activities in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Second-cycle pastures will continue to be monoculture open pastures with low levels of biomass accumulation; however, is it correct to keep searching for higher levels of sustainability for cattle raising in the humid tropics on the basis of the traditional pasture systems (open monoculture pastures) used in the region?
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From page 319... ...
Therefore, from the technical point of view, no more than 50 percent of the area already used for cattle raising is actually necessary to meet the regional demand for beef, milk, and other agricultural products at least through the l990s. If this is correct, and given the relatively favorable resilience of degraded pasture ecosystems (Buschbacher et al., 1988; Uhl e]
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From page 320... ...
Basic research is essential for this and studies should be concentrated on the ecology of the weed community in regional pastures, the biotic and abiotic mechanisms of forest regeneration in degraded pasture, the phosphorus cycling mechanism in pasture ecosystems, and the microbiology of soil organisms in pastures, especially in relation to Rhizobium species and mycorrhizae. Cattle Raising on Native Grassland Ecosystems Before the advent of pasture development in forested areas in the 1960s, cattle raising in the Brazilian Amazon was carried out almost exclusively on native grassland ecosystems with varied botanical, hydrological, edaphic, and productivity characteristics (Serrao, 1986b)
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Cattle raising productivity in the WDSG of the Brazilian humid
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in the dry season after the water recedes, are dominant (Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research, 1990~. The amphibian grasses Echinochloa polystachya, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Leersia hexandra, Luziola spruceana, Paspalumiasciculatum, Oryza species, and Paspalum repens are the most important from the standpoint of animal production (Brazilian Enter
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Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agroforestry Research of the Eastern Amazon. prise for Agricultural Research, 1990; Serrao, 1986b; Serrao and Falesi, 1977; Serrao and Simao Neto, 1975~.
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From page 324... ...
Owners of small- and medium-sized farms are the main practitioners of this activity, but the main constraint on sustainability in agricultural development in the floodplains of Brazil's humid tropics is the lack of a better socioeconomic environment for the farmers. Research is needed to obtain higher levels of technical sustainability for cattle raising in FPG.
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From page 325... ...
Various gradients of PDSG occupy about 2 million ha (Organization of American States and Instituto do Desenvolvimento Economico e Social do Para, 1974) of the eastern portion of Marajo Island, where cattle raising has been the main activity for the past 300 years (Teixeira, 1953~.
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From page 326... ...
, mineral supplementation, and native Savannah grassland management. Perennial Crop Agriculture Perennial crop farming has been considered an ideal model for agriculture in the Brazilian humid tropics as a means of minimizing local environmental disturbances and maintaining the ecologic equilibrium in the region (Alvim, 1978~.
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From page 327... ...
Although perennial crops are recognized as having fairly high levels of agronomic sustainability, high biotic pressure caused by the variety of pests and diseases these crops are plagued by is probably the most limiting factor in the Brazilian humid tropics (Morals, 1988~. Leaf blight disease (caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei, which attacked rubber tree plantations in the 1930s)
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From page 328... ...
have recently been examined as land use systems that will use land resources in the Brazilian humid tropics more sustainably. They should gradually replace or be associated with present extensive low-sustainability land use systems such as open monoculture pasture-based cattle raising systems, upland shifting agricultural systems, and extractive forest reserves.
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From page 329... ...
· In AFSs, crop diversification reduces biologic risks and is more adaptable to market fluctuations. The introduction of a tree component in annual or perennial cropping systems or in cattle-raising systems may favor the replacement of unsustainable slash-and-burn agricultural systems.
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From page 330... ...
, coconut, oil palm, peach paling, shrubs and vines (pineapple, Barbados cherry [Malpighia gZabra] , banana, coffee, passion fruit, black pepper, and urucu)
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From page 331... ...
1, cacao, erythrina; 2, household area; 3, coconut, citrus, mangosteen, graviola; 4, cacao, erythrina, andiroba, Brazil nut; 5, secondary forest regeneration; 6, cacao, vanilla, palheteira, freijo; 7, cacao, parica,; 8, rubber trees; 9, rubber trees, black pepper, cacao; 10, rubber trees, passion fruit; 11, black pepper, cacao; 12, cacao, banana, Cecropia sp.; 13, black pepper, cupuac~u; 14, black pepper; 15, passion fruit, cupuacu; 16, pasture grasses; 17, black pepper, clearing. Source: Subler, S., and C
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From page 332... ...
· Rather than displacing rural inhabitants, NBAFSs use local human resources, but their high labor requirements make them vulnerable to labor shortages and increasing labor costs. · Even though the high prices received for crops such as cacao, black pepper, passion fruit, and rubber make up for the heavy capital investments required by NBAFSs, market saturation may be a limiting factor for large-scale adoption of the system.
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From page 333... ...
brizantha, for example, is showing satisfactory levels of agronomic and ecologic sustainability. Undoubtedly, AFSs rank high in terms of sustainability among the agricultural land use systems used in the Brazilian humid tropics, and there is a probability of expansion in the near future.
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From page 334... ...
This, in turn, can only be achieved with the strong support of science and technology, but the levels of technology used for the most important agricultural land use systems that replace forests have typically been low. Figure 8 illustrates the importance of technology for agricultural production in relation to the conservation of natural resources.
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From page 335... ...
To accomplish those more general goals that integrate the needs of society with the conservation of natural resources, future agricultural development should be built fundamentally on the diversity that characterizes the humid tropical ecosystem and should mirror as much as possible its complexity (National Research Council, 1991~. Therefore, research should focus on the following: · Increasing basic knowledge of Amazonian natural ecosystems; · Surveying, classifying, and analyzing presently and potentially successful agricultural land use and land resource management systems; · Developing and promoting principles and components of land management that sustain land resources under the constraints of humid tropical ecosystems; · Reclaiming degraded ecosystems for intensive agricultural production and regeneration of the ecosystem; and · Promoting the agroecologic zoning of the Brazilian humid tropics.
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From page 336... ...
Applied research priorities for the most important agricultural land use systems in the Brazilian Amazon are given in Table 3. In addition, applied research for fish production systems should focus on domestication of economically important freshwater fish; controlled native fish reproduction and management; and development of integrated systems that include fish, crop, and cattle production.
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From page 337... ...
Key to acronyms: CPAF-Roraima, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima; INPA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; CPAA, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal da Amazonia Ocidental; FUA, Fundac~ao Universidade do Amazonas; CPAF-Amapfi, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Amapfi; CPATU, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal da Amazonia Oriental; IDESP, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Economico Social do Para; CEPLAC, Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira; MPEG, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi; SUDAM, Superintendencia do Desenvoluimento da Amazonia; UFPA, Universidade Federal do Parfi; FCAP, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para; EMAPA, Empresa Maranhense de Pesquisa Agropecufiria; EMGOPA, Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecufiria; EMPA, Empresa Matogrossense de Pesquisa Agropecufiria; CPAF-Rondonia, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Rondonia; CPAF-Acre, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre; FUNTAC, Fundac,ae Tecnologia do Acre; UFAC, Universidade Federal do Acre.
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From page 338... ...
Other activities with low levels of sustainability such as traditional shifting agriculture will not be able to be maintained in the long run because of increasing population density in addition to deforestation restrictions. What will happen to the regional development of science and technology?
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From page 339... ...
With the label of environmental cause, a set of measures to discourage production activities, except for agroforestry and extraction activities, are being launched. Some have proposed that extraction activities should be the land use system for about 25 percent of the Brazilian Amazon region.
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From page 340... ...
Although environmental restrictions tend to be reinforced, the survival strategy of farmers will prevail. The emergence of new, alternative products exclusive to the Brazilian Amazon region are always possible, whether they sunolv regional needs or are exported.
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From page 341... ...
Despite these limitations, there are ample possibilities for increasing agricultural sustainability in the Brazilian humid tropics without having to incorporate new segments of forest and within global perspectives of sustainability. Continuous technological development within the farmer's capacity to accompany technical progress is indispensable to implementing production systems that are more compatible with agronomic and ecologic sustainability.
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From page 342... ...
From this analysis of traditional and presently developing land use systems in the Brazilian humid tropics, it is clear that some land use systems are more appropriate for implementation. Because these have demonstrated moderate to high levels of sustainability and high expansion potential for mid- and long-term agricultural development, and on the basis of their favorable present and potential sustainability features, priority for expansion and research support should be given to the following land use systems: · Nippo-Brazilian-type agroforestry, · Integrated pasture-based (agrisilvopastoral)
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From page 343... ...
Belem, Brazil: Center for Agricultural Research of the Humid Tropics. Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research.
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From page 344... ...
Documento 5. Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agricultural Research of the Humid Tropics.
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From page 345... ...
1. Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agricultural Research of the Humid Tropics.
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From page 346... ...
Miscelanea 6. Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agricultural Research of the Humid Tropics.
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From page 347... ...
Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agricultural Research of the Humid Tropics. Nakajima, C
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From page 348... ...
Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agroforestry Research of the Eastern Amazon. Serrao, E
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From page 349... ...
Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Center for Agricultural Research for the Humid Tropics. Silva, J
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From page 350... ...
Comunicado Tecnico 51. Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural ResearchCenter for Agricultural Research for the Humid Tropics.
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From page 351... ...
Belem, Brazil: Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research~enter for Agricultural Research for the Humid Tropics. Yared, I
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