Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993) / Chapter Skim
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Indonesia
Indonesia
Pages 393-439
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From page 393... ...
The highlands consist of broad alluvial plains. DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND ITS TROPICAL FORESTS Indonesia is part of the Malesian botanical region, which is characterized by a large number of endemic species, a rich flora, and a complex vegetation structure.
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From page 394... ...
Even so, Indonesia's population is expected to increase substantially, to about 193 million people by 1993 (Government of Indonesia/National Development Planning Agency, 1989) and to 307 million people by 2030 (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~.
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From page 395... ...
Exports totaled about 4 million metric tons in 1988 (Biro Pusat Statistik [Central Bureau of Statistics]
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From page 396... ...
Wet paddy rice 8,755.721 37,027.443a Dryland rice 1,146.572 2,005.502a Maize 2,439.966 4,329.503 Cassava 1,291.845 14,057.027 Sweet potatoes 256.086 2,161.493 Peanuts 510.037 527.852 Soybeans 896.220 869.718 aUnmilled rice. SOURCE: Summarized from Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statics)
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From page 397... ...
(Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~. These functional classes are not demarcated on the ground, and forestlands have been used for other purposes, for example, human settlements as a result of transmigration, mining, and agricultural perennial crops.
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From page 398... ...
PRODUCTION FORESTS Major timber products from forests used for tree production (production forests) outside Java are mainly members of the family Dipterocarpaceae and include the genera Shorea, Hopea, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Anisoptera, Parashorea, and Vatica.
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From page 399... ...
Only 1.3 percent of the earth's land surface is occupied by Indonesia; yet 10 percent of the world's plant species, 12 percent of the world's mammal species, 16 percent of the world's reptile and amphibian species, and 17 percent of the world's bird species can be found in Indonesia (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~. Therefore, Indonesia has a great responsibility to maintain the biodiversity found in that country.
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From page 400... ...
cultivation and forest clearing in mountainous areas for use as agricultural land—conditions such as the formation of large areas of alang-alang (Imperata cylindrical fields in the Outer Islands and accelerated soil erosion in the upland areas of lava. These concerns are described in detail below.
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From page 401... ...
Investment growth recovered considerably in 1988 (Government of Indonesia/ Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~.
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From page 402... ...
from the natural forests. This has resulted in an increase in the number of processing units, mostly sawmills and plywood mills, and in the volume of manufactured wood-based products (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~.
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From page 403... ...
At the beginning of 1990 there were 43 pulp and paper mills, with an annual capacity of 1 million metric tons of pulp and 1.7 million metric tons of paper (Prastowo, 1991~. Indonesia is ambitiously trying to become one of the world's largest pulp and paper producers.
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From page 404... ...
1991. The system of production forest management In the future.
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From page 405... ...
; and oxygen production and carbon dioxide utilization, which mitigate the effects of the greenhouse effect. However, there is no adequate mechanism to quantify these functions (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~.
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From page 406... ...
was 109 million ha in 1990 (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~. Population Pressure and Demand for Agricultural Land In principle, deforestation can be seen to be a result of demand for agricultural land, depending on a variety of factors.
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From page 407... ...
Income disparities also play an important role in deforestation. Thus, if increases in per capita income are not evenly distributed, the pressure on forestiand from the rural poor and land-hungry farming communities may continue (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~.
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From page 408... ...
However, this increase in the productivity of wet paddy rice fields cannot prevent landless farmers from looking for more land to farm, even on steep slopes. To prevent further degradation of the natural resources in Java, two strategies are used by the Indonesian government: soil conservation in the uplands and transmigration of needy farmers to the Outer Islands.
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From page 409... ...
Several evaluations carried out over the past 4 to 5 years indicated that in general the production forests are managed inadequately and improperly (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990~. Logged-over stands are frequently damaged, sometimes by up to 60 percent.
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From page 410... ...
The areas of the forest under shifting cultivation and the total number of households that practice shifting cultivation on islands outside Java (except Irian Jaya) are given in Table 9.
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From page 411... ...
Jakarta: Govemment of Indonesia. ment of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990; World Bank, 1989~.
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From page 412... ...
412 be ·= Ct ~4 ho o Ct 04 ·~ of in U V]
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From page 413... ...
, coupling of irrigated rice to the transmigration program, particularly in swamplands, has been a mistake of the transmigration policy. Tree Crop Development Tree crop development has been carried out mainly through the Nucleus Agriculture Estates Program (NES/PIR)
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From page 414... ...
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From page 415... ...
Forest fires are more common in lava than they are in the Outer Islands, but fire control is better in lava. In most years, fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan are set by farmers to clear land that is neither marked as forestland nor actively protected.
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From page 416... ...
Deforestation, in the sense that it removes natural forest cover for other development purposes such as agriculture, human settlements, and infrastructure, is a logical process of development and can be justified if it is implemented in an orderly manner until forest areas considered sufficient to maintain an ecologic balance in watershed areas are obtained. This could be realized through a policy of designating permanent forestlands, which should then be managed on a sustainable basis.
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From page 417... ...
In this context, rehabilitation of forests and critical land areas; soil conservation; and rehabilitation of rivers, lakes, swamps, marshlands, and coral reefs should be intensified, while the function of river basins needs to be reinstated. To control the emergence of poor-quality forests and critical lands, measures should be taken to halt damage to forests and to improve the control of forests, dryland cultivation, and shifting cultivation.
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From page 418... ...
It also increases the incomes of the indigenous people involved in the program. In addition to these programs, which are geared to the better use of forest resources and increases in agricultural productivity by extension of dryland agricultural areas, much has also been done in intensification of wet paddy rice agriculture to step up rice production, in lava in particular.
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From page 419... ...
The designation and classification of permanent forestlands outside lava started in the 1980s through the forest use planning by consensus (TGHK) procedure after large-scale forest operations in concessions areas had begun 2 to 3 years earlier.
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From page 420... ...
As of August 1990, there were 336 classified conservation areas with an area of 16.02 million ha (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationals, 1990~. Stricter Control on Logging Operations in Natural Forests To induce more orderly forest operations, corrective measures are prescribed and stricter control on the implementation of the opera
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From page 421... ...
The objective of the TPTI system is to utilize the forest and, at the same time, to qualitatively and quantitatively increase the value of the forest in the logged-over area for the next rotation period to ensure sufficient and perpetual production of raw material for the wood-based industries and to improve the protective value of production forests, for example, control of the water regime, minimization of soil erosion, and induction of the beneficial effects on micro- and macroclimates. The silvicultural treatment consists of the following activities: · Regulating the compositions of tree species in forest stands, which will be more beneficial from an ecologic as well as economic point of view; · Developing an optimum stand density to produce more logs than in the previous rotation period; · Enhancing the beneficial functions of the forest in soil and water conservation; and · Boosting the protective functions of the forest.
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From page 422... ...
. Since the 1950s, increasing population pressure in lava and parts of the Outer Islands have led to increased clearing of forests for cultivation and fuelwood, resulting in land degradation and soil erosion problems.
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From page 423... ...
to clearly reflect its purposes. The major roles of forest plantations in the continued development of Indonesia can be summarized as follows: · To increasingly take the pressure off natural forests; · To meet the timber supply deficit from natural forests that is anticipated to occur within the next 5 to 10 years; · To rehabilitate watersheds that have been extensively degraded by increasing population pressure, particularly in lava, Sumatra, and Lesser Sunda (in terms of the land area and population involved, this is a much greater issue than the development of timber estates)
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From page 424... ...
More people can be involved in in situtype programs. By 1986, in situ-type programs included about 1,900 households involved in wet paddy rice agriculture, some 10,600 households involved in sedentary subsistence dry farming activities, and some 24,900 households involved in land rehabilitation activities (reforestation)
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From page 425... ...
The Social Forestry Program in the Outer Islands, which began in 1986, has five approaches for involving people in forestry activities: · Participatory forestry Members of local communities are recruited as forest exploitation workers by state forest corporations. · Community forestry Patches of forestland are cultivated and exploited by local communities.
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From page 426... ...
According to official data from the Directorate General of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation of the Ministry of Forestry, until 1986 there were an estimated 33,000 households of shifting cultivators integrated into the transmigration program. The figure was an estimated 34,540 households until 1988.
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From page 427... ...
Another new concept is known as parallel transmigration. It is envisioned to be a long-term program to familiarize shifting cultivators with more sedentary methods of agricultural production.
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From page 428... ...
Program Results The total number of households that practice shifting cultivation and were involved in the different programs can be summarized as follows: Ministry of Forestry Program, 37,000; NES/PIR projects, 15,000; Ministry of Transmigration, 34,540; Ministry of Social Affairs, 24,960; and Ministry of Home Affairs, 123,470 (Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
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From page 429... ...
An encouraging sign in rice production emerged in 1963-1964, when students at the Bogor Agricultural University, using a demonstration area of 50 ha, showed that rice production could be nearly tripled if the recommended packages of technologies for use with improved Indonesian varieties were properly used. An important lesson emerged: improved production depends on a secure supply of agricultural inputs and on face-to-face communications with farmers.
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From page 430... ...
Because the program expanded too rapidly, shortcomings could not be avoided, such as in the application of the recommended packages of technology as well as in the management of the supply of farm inputs and the recovery of production credits. Nevertheless, aggregate rice production increased faster than the population.
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From page 431... ...
As a result, rice production rose sharply, reaching a production level of 25.9 million metric tons of milled rice in 1984 (see also Table 3~. This progress in production capabilities, along with the presence of government-held reserves of 2 million metric tons at the end of 1984, allowed the government to halt rice imports and was an historic turning point in Indonesia's quest for self-sufficiency in its staple food commodity.
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From page 432... ...
The substantial achievements in the forest industry sector, however, have aroused concern about the sustainability of forest management. Because it is aware of the dangers of overexploitation of forestlands, Indonesia has embarked on an intensive plan of developing forest plantations and rehabilitating critical lands in watersheds through reforestation and greening programs and through the improvement of logging operations in natural forests.
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From page 433... ...
The problem now is how to maintain this situation, considering the high rate of population growth, and at same time gearing to diversify the types of food crops, which may bring about a diversification of food production systems. ASSESSMENT OF FOREST LOSS IN THE NEAR FUTURE The government of Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1990)
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From page 434... ...
The estimated annual deforestation rates of the World Bank (1989) and Government of Indonesia/Ministry of Forestry and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1990)
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From page 435... ...
In this way, misunderstandings between the Indonesian government and local communities and governments or private development agencies could be reduced to a minimum. Special attention should be paid to the existing tenure rights of local communi
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From page 436... ...
and, later, in the Indonesia selective cutting and planting system (TPTI) , are not adequately observed in general, so that the reality of forest operations is far from an ideal sustainable forest management system.
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From page 437... ...
Industrial forest plantations, including agroforestry systems, can also provide valuable services to local communities by providing employment and, in some cases, better housing, education, and health care as well as agricultural extension services and loan credits.
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From page 438... ...
Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik. Food and Agriculture Organization.
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From page 439... ...
1989. Konservasi Tanah di Indonesia (Soil Conservation in Indonesia)
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