Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993) / Chapter Skim
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Zaire
Zaire
Pages 625-658
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From page 625... ...
Ngandu is an associate professor of agricultural economics and Stephen H Kolison, Jr., is an assistant professor and coordinator of the forestry resources program at the School of Agriculture, The George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama.
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From page 626... ...
Kinshasa, Zaire, and Ottawa, Canada: Government of Zaire and Canadian International Development Agency.
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From page 627... ...
The right to use land is therefore assigned or given by the government through the Department of Land Affairs, Environment, Nature Conservation, and Tourism (DLAENCT)
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From page 634... ...
In this context, debt-for-nature swaps, as proposed for the heavily indebted Latin American countries, should also be applicable to African countries like Zaire (Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency, 1990; Hines, 1988~. It is, however, a tenuous hypothesis to link deforestation with foreign exchange to service external debt.
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From page 635... ...
In 1975, Persson (as cited in World Resources Institute [19883) and the Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency (1990)
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From page 636... ...
The difference between these two figures is an indication of inefficiencies In logging methods [Food and Agriculture Organization and United Nations Environment Program, 1981b:562-5633.) Although 89.43 percent of the commercial forestlands is situated in the central basin, it does not mean that these forest resources are accessible.
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From page 637... ...
Draft Summary Report. K~nshasa, Zaire, and Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute; Government of Zaire and Canadian International Development Agency.
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From page 638... ...
Also note that of all forestlands classified, only 22 million ha of a total of 129 million ha have been classified. SOURCE: Department of Land Affairs, Environment, Nature Conservation, and Tourism and International Institute for Environment and Development, World Resources Institute.
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From page 639... ...
Most of this production is used to meet domestic demands, with less than 1 percent being exported (World Resources Institute, 1988~. There are between 100 and 200 large- and mediumscale forestry-based companies in Zaire (Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency, 1990; World Resources Institute, 1988~.
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From page 640... ...
It is estimated that the true market value and corresponding government revenue are reduced by about 50 percent (Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency, 1990:42~. The government of Zaire loses an estimated 50 percent of its potential forest products tax revenue.
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From page 641... ...
To promote long-term and sustainable forest management practices in commercial logging, public policies need to be reoriented so that they serve traditional domestic pit-sawers and small-scale operators better than they do at present (World Resources Institute, 1988~. One of the policies that needs to be reoriented is the policy on land tenure.
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From page 642... ...
, indicate that during the period 197~1980, the average annual deforestation rate of closed broadleaf forests was about 165,000 ha (Table 6~. It is difficult to estimate the relative weights of the various factors responsible for deforestation, namely, agricultural crop conversion, perennial cash crops, small-scale farming, traditional subsistence agriculture, logging on commercial concessions, and tree-cutting for fue~wood.
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From page 643... ...
Of the 80,000-100,000 ha logged for industrial hardwood production for export and domestic consumption each year, an unknown portion is permanently deforested (World Resources Institute, 1988~. Table 7 gives the amount of forestland logged for industrial wood production during 1975-1981 (Department of Land Affairs, Environment, Nature Conservation, and Tourism and International Institute for Environment and Development, World Resources Institute, 1990)
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From page 644... ...
However, there are other indicators of forestland degradation, impoverishment, and depletion that, if combined with the lack of reforestation, point to an unsustainable rate of forest resource exploitation. Using the conservatively estimated rate of deforestation of closed broadleaf forests 165,000-180,000 ha/year (Capistrano, 1990; Food and Agriculture Organization and United Nations Environment Program, 1981a)
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From page 645... ...
Without meaningful alternatives to fuelwood as a source of energy and given the dubious success of isolated and limited experiments with fuelwood plantations and more efficient wood-burning furnaces, the demand for fuelwood harvesting is likely to continue to put pressure on forests and increase the level of their destruction. According to the World Resources Institute (1988)
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From page 646... ...
Given this estimate, one can infer that the 139 million ha of forestlands classified as commercial produces about 700 million m3 and can be considered the total annual growth for those areas classified as commercial forestlands (Food and Agriculture Organization and United Nations Environment Program, 1981b; World Bank, 1986~. The logging industry, despite prescribed management practices and regulations enacted since 1982, has been virtually unregulated because of weak administrative capabilities of key forest management institutions.
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From page 647... ...
It is estimated that Zaire has about 70 species of tropical woods, but only a dozen are known and marketed. Population Density and Forest Removal The relationship between population density and forest resource exploitation is not well known, but it is known that there is a high correlation between the two (Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency, 1990~.
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From page 648... ...
Source: Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency.
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From page 649... ...
The declining income of the rural population, because of the government's inadequate pricing and market policies and general neglect of agriculture, has caused farmers to stress cultivation practices beyond their technical limits. In addition, to compensate for declining yields and low prices, farmers have had to bring more forestland into cultivation to sustain their families, thus aggravating the permanent removal of natural forests (Government of Zaire and the Canadian International Development Agency, 1990~.
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From page 650... ...
DLAENCT lacks an active social, economic, and political constituency with vested interests in DLAENCT's objectives of forest management on a sustainable yield basis. There seems to be a lack of concern about the control and ownership of forestlands by local communities and the need to train a national cadre of technocrats to design suitable corrective policies and institutions to carry out these policies.
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From page 651... ...
There is a critical need to understand how key forest management institutions such as DLAENCT function and the institutional reforms that are required to make them function better. Given the nature of critical or sectoral linkages among forestry institutions in Zaire, the second-class stature of DLAENCT within the power structure of the government erodes its coordination capacity with other key departments that address forestry and sustainable agriculture, such as energy, transport, rural development, and agriculture.
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From page 652... ...
· Kisangani is on the fringes of the central basin rain forest just north of the equator. Logging in this area is entirely for local consumption.
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From page 653... ...
Because commercial logging is done on exclusive private concessions, it will be necessary to collect data from areas proximate to commercial production areas if access to private concessions is not possible. PHASE 11: EXTENSION OF DATA AND SERVICES TO POTENTIAL USERS Large- and small-scale operators and, in particular, those who practice shifting cultivation must be made aware of the results of Phase I and all research and resources must be made available to them.
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654 in ._ CD bO ._ to o .
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From page 655... ...
655 ~ ~ oo U)
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From page 656... ...
With some modifications and refinements, these suggestions will meet the objectives for formulating appropriate measures and policies to avoid the potentially disastrous effects of the destruction, depletion, and degradation of tropical forest cover in Zaire. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors express their gratitude to the School of Agriculture and Home Economics of Tuskegee University and the George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station for the valuable sup
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From page 657... ...
University of Florida, Gainesville. Department of Land Affairs, Environment, Nature Conservation, and Tourism and International Institute for Environment and Development, World Resources Institute.
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From page 658... ...
1988. Zaire Forestry Policy Review and Related Studies.
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