The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application A Survey of Federal Agencies (1978) / Chapter Skim
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'DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: EDUCATION AGENCIES'
'DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE: EDUCATION AGENCIES'
Pages 195-242
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From page 195... ...
The education policy area accounts for 43 percent of the department's total social knowledge production and application obligations. The three agencies constituting the Education Division of HEW are: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education, which is responsible for the general direction and supervision of the Education Division.
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From page 196... ...
Table 10-1 lists the three agencies and their fiscal 1977 obligations. OE has the largest figure for social knowledge production and application obligations, accounting for more than 60 percent of the Education Division total.
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From page 197... ...
In March 1977, the subcommittee published a report, Federal Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Evaluation Efforts, which is available from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education. For Further Information Write Assistant Secretary for Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
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From page 198... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.161 336 M97 4.700 345 5.045 6.542 1976 1.000 60 1.060 4.140 375 4.516 5.576 1977 1.000 1.000 4.000 4.000 5.000 The Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) was established in 1972 to encourage the reform and improvement of postsecondary education through the support of innovative projects at the local level.
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From page 199... ...
Instead of "demonstrations," the majority of activities of FIPSE were viewed as "local development" -- not a social knowledge production and application activity and thus excluded. Local development activities are an attempt to build and improve capacity at the local level.
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From page 200... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 5.390 2.903 8.293 8.293 1976 6.124 4.199 10.323 10323 1977 7.420 4.275 1 1 .695 11.69? The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
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From page 201... ...
At the same time, the mission of the center was enlarged to include not only data collection but also analyses and interpretation of education statistics. Currently, NCES has the following responsibilities: o to collect and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; o to conduct and publish reports on specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; o to assist state and local educational agencies in improving and automating their statistical and data collection activities; and o to review and report on educational activities in foreign countries.
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From page 202... ...
Educational statistics are collected on: o elementary and secondary education, which includes data on enrollment, finances, racial composition, teachers and other instructional staff, etc.; o higher education, which includes data on enrollment, staff, number of degrees, finances, facilities, etc.; o adult and vocational education, which includes data on participation, teacher and student characteristics, etc.; and o multilevel library surveys, which includes data on the number of public libraries, college and university libraries, elementary and secondary school libraries, and other libraries. The principal periodic reports of the center are presented in Table 10-3.
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From page 203... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 962 962 962 1976 962 962 962 1977 962 962 962 Research In order to provide the assistant secretary with a resource for in-depth and sustained pob'cy analysis, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education supports three policy research centers, which carry out policy research on: o elementary/secondary school finance and education delivery systems, which includes research on the federal role in elementary/ secondary school finance, alternative education delivery systems, etc.; o postsecondary education, which includes the study of postsecondary education finance, the school-to-work transition, and adult education; and o education of special-needs groups, which includes research on the identification of special-needs groups, issues in compensatory education, and the extent and effects of racial segregation in the schools. The office has a unique working relationship with the three centers.
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From page 204... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities PoHcy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscat Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search on s tret ions ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials inaiion Total TOTAL 1975 11.700 38.034 241 49.975 I7JI5 6.330 23.845 73.820 1976 21.828 24.003 143 45.974 2.655 15.436 10.229 28.320 74.294 1977 31.878 29.484 172 61.534 3.19 6 13.432 16.838 33.466 95.000 The National Institute of Education (NIE) was established by Congress in 1972.
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From page 205... ...
Predominant Total Social Social Knowledge Knowledge Production Production and and Application Application Group Obligations Activity Basic Skills 19.8 Development of materials Dissemination and Resources Education and Work 17.1 10.4 Educational Equity 16.2 Finance and Productivity 15.5 School Capacity for Problem 7.6 Solving 8.2 Dissemination Policy formulation demonstrations Research Policy formulation demonstrations Policy formulation demonstrations Other activities TOTAL 95.0 Policy formulation demonstrations
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From page 206... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 4.642 3.877 8.519 12.279 12.279 20.798 1976 5.778 2.047 7.825 10.521 10.521 18,346 1977 7.891 2.535 10.426 9.345 57 9.402 19.828 The goal of NIE'S Basic Skills Group is to provide American educators with the tools necessary to make further progress in helping all individuals acquire those literacy skills and other skills necessary for effective participation in society. The group is responsible for funding research on the teaching and learning of basic subjects (emphasis placed on reading and mathematical skills)
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From page 207... ...
DISSEMINATION AND RESOURCES GROUP Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL I97S 693 an 6.240 6.240 6.933 1976 40 4AY 10.229 10.229 10.698 W77 345 34 < 16.781 16.781 17.126 The Dissemination and Resources Group is responsible for improving the dissemination and utilization of knowledge for solving educational problems.
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From page 208... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 132 13.869 MI 14.242 1.146 90 1.236 15.478 1976 1.617 10.582 143 12,342 1.348 1.348 13.690 1977 2.707 5.512 143 8.362 2.098 2.098 10.460 The Education and Work Group is responsible for carrying out a program to improve the preparation of youth and adults for entering and
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From page 209... ...
Policy Formulation Demonstrations A major activity is the support of pilot programs that will develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful entry and progress in careers. Several demonstration projects were completed during fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1976, hence the decrease in funds for fiscal 1977.
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From page 210... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 5.693 5.693 2.772 2.772 8.465 1976 8.203 212 8.415 2.627 2.627 11.042 1977 12.546 1.695 14.241 1.989 1.989 16.2M The Educational Equity Group conducts research and other activities to investigate and develop ways to help educators meet their responsibilities in providing a high-quality education for students whose opportunities have been limited because of their home language, culture, race, ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic background, conduct problems, or because they are not profiting from a typical school environment. The programs address the problems of students who are least well served by the education system.
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From page 211... ...
FINANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY GROUP Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- (ion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL I91i 19.543 19.543 19.543 1976 4.383 8.165 12.548 2.655 2.655 15.203 1977 5.988 8.546 29 14.563 897 897 15.460 The Finance and Productivity Group is responsible for carrying out a program to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of educational
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From page 212... ...
Other studies have looked at competence concepts, the economics of education, and organizational studies aimed at examining the behavior of schools. Policy Formulation Demonstrations The Finance and Productivity Group has developed and field-tested alternative financing and management arrangements aimed at improving institutional responsiveness.
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From page 213... ...
The group funds research to examine the basic processes underlying school organization and strategies. Policy Formulation Demonstrations A major activity of the group is funding demonstrations that support a variety of locally based projects aimed at some aspect of problem solving.
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From page 214... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 12.192 51.577 15.212 64 79.045 69.328 24.434 14.638 108.400 187.445 1976 15.069 57.371 16.579 89.019 76.668 34.310 12.628 123.606 212.625 1977 11.900 47.362 13. 508 72.770 76.090 30.120 21.322 127.532 200.302 The Office of Education (OE)
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From page 215... ...
Organizational Predominant Location of Total Social Social Social Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Production Production Production and and and Application Application Application Primary Goal Agency Obligations Activity Activity" or Audience" Bureau of Education 49.0 Demonstrations Operating Knowledge for for the Handicapped agency third parties Bureau of Occupa33.6 Demonstrations Operating Knowledge for tional and Adult agency third parties Education Bureau of Higher and 2.2 Development of Operating Knowledge for Continuing Education materials agency third parties Bureau of Elementary 66.8 Policy Operaling Knowledge for and Secondary implementation agency third parties Education demonstrations Bureau of Indian 6.0 Policy Operating Knowledge for Education formulation agency third parties demonstrations Bureau of Student Financial Assistance' Office of Planning, 14.3 Budgeting and Evaluation Office of the 28.4 Commissioner TOTAL 200.3 Program evaluation Development of materials/ dissemination Policy-making office Mixed Improvement of federal policy Knowledge for third parties "See Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion. •Not surveyed.
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From page 216... ...
Whereas the distribution of the federal government's activities is 67 percent for knowledge production activities and 33 percent for knowledge application activities, these figures are nearly reversed for OE. Instead of devoting its resources to knowledge production, OE has devoted nearly two-thirds of its total obligations for knowledge application activities.
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From page 217... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 4.946 15.348 200 20.494 8.337 3.758 1.133 13.228 33.722 1976 7.515 20.420 500 28.435 18.391 4.000 3.500 25.891 54.326 1977 5.670 19.530 25.200 16.565 4.000 3.250 23.815 49.015 The Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (BEH) administers programs that help mentally, physically, and emotionally handicapped children become independent and self-sufficient.
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From page 218... ...
TABLE 10-7 Bureau of Education for the Handicapped: Programs that Support Social Knowledge Production and Application (fiscal 1977, $millions) Total Social Predominant Knowledge Social Knowledge Production Production and and Application Application Program Obligations Activity Handicapped Early Childhood 21.0 Policy Education formulation demonstrations Innovation and Development 11.0 Research Regional Resource Centers 5.2 Policy implementation demonstrations Specific Learning Disabilities 5.0 Policy implementation demonstrations Media Services and Captioned Films 3.5 Development of materials Projects for the Severely Handicapped 3.3 Policy implementation demonstrations TOTAL 49.0
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From page 219... ...
CHILD ADVOCACY Research focuses on the identification of legal, financial, and administrative constraints in the provision of full educational opportunity for handicapped children. Policy Formulation Demonstrations Policy formulation demonstrations are primarily supported through the Handicapped Children's Early Education Program (HCEEP)
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From page 220... ...
In addition to funding policy formulation demonstrations, the Handicapped Children's Early Education Program funds outreach projects to assist other agencies or programs in providing effective educational programming for young handicapped children. This is accomplished by helping state agencies replicate project models (or components of a model)
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From page 221... ...
The Learning Disabilities program seeks to stimulate state and local programs that provide comprehensive identification, diagnostic, prescriptive, and educational services for all children with specific learning disabilities. Like the other policy implementation demonstrations described above, this program is funded to serve as a model for state and local replication.
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From page 222... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstranons ation Statistics Total onstrations Malerials ination Total TOTAL 1975 40 8.760 8.800 46.441 8.471 8.056 62.968 71.768 1976 477 11.503 106 12.086 44.877 9.415 778 55.070 67.156 1977 9.400 9.400 46.125 8.400 2.925 57.450 66.850 The Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education, formerly named the Bureau of School Systems, administers programs of financial and technical assistance to public local and state school agencies that serve elementary and secondary school-age children. The bureau assists state departments of education to identify problems, evaluate programs, and undertake comprehensive planning.
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From page 223... ...
Total Social Predominant Knowledge Social Knowledge Production Production and and Application Application Program Obligations Activity Follow Through 57.0 Policy implementation demonstrations Emergency School 9.8 Development of Aid materials Innovation and 0" Dissemination Support Drug Abuse 0* Policy Education implementation demonstrations Environmental 0» Development of Education materials TOTAL 66.8 "Program was transferred to the Office of the Commissioner in fiscal 1976.
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From page 224... ...
Based on evaluation studies to date, the following has been learned about different models: o Model D, which is similar to traditional classrooms but provides very intensive work on basic skills, has shown positive results in reading and mathematics; o Model E, which emphasizes behavior modification in addition to being highly structured in teacher methods, is showing positive results in mathematics but has shown neutral or negative results in reading; o Model G, which stresses the role of parents in homes as a prerequisite for school performance, has shown mixed results with some sites showing positive results and others showing negative results; and o Model J, a bilingual model that stresses language skills, has also produced mixed results. The Emergency School Aid program also supports policy formulation demonstrations.
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From page 225... ...
The Drug Abuse Education program supports a small number of policy implementation demonstrations designed to foster drug and alcohol abuse education programs in schools and communities. Projects have involved counseling students, working with families, providing alternative ways to meet needs now met by drug use, and developing programs to help students cope with problems that may have led to drug use.
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From page 226... ...
program from the bureau to the Office of the Commissioner. The earlier program was designed to enable state and local education agencies to learn about and tailor innovative educational approaches to their own needs and circumstances.
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From page 227... ...
Table 10-9 lists the programs in the bureau that support social knowledge production and application activities. Four of the programs listed in the table contain estimates of zero for fiscal 1977 because the President's fiscal 1977 budget requested either termination or a substantial reduction in the program, which eliminated its knowledge production and application activities.
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From page 228... ...
The Library Research and Demonstration program also had a small research program focused on ways to improve institutional cooperation and the planning of improved library services. Policy Formulation Demonstrations The Library Research and Demonstration program also supported a series of policy formulation demonstration projects.
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From page 229... ...
The Special Community Service and Continuing Education program and the Library Research and Demonstration program both have small programs of technical assistance, a dissemination activity. For Further Information Write Bureau of Higher and Continuing Education, U.S.
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From page 230... ...
TABLE 10-10 Bureau of Indian Education: Programs that Support Social Knowledge Production and Application (fiscal 1977, $millions) Program Total Estimated Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations Predominant Social Knowledge Production and Application Activities Special Projects for Indian Children Special Projects for Indian Adults 5.2 0.7 Policy formulation demonstrations Policy formulation demonstrations TOTAL 5.9 Policy Formulation Demonstrations The Special Projects for Indian Children program supports policy formulation demonstrations to develop ways to aid Indian children.
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From page 231... ...
The Special Projects for Indian Adults program supports policy formulation demonstrations to develop new approaches and techniques for the delivery of educational services to Indian adults. The projects support educational models and teaching strategies designed to achieve literacy and to increase the number of high school equivalency graduates among Indian adults.
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From page 232... ...
The bureau provides financial and technical support for secondary and adult vocational education and for adult education programs that teach basic skills to school dropouts and the underskilled. In addition to these activities, the bureau supports a variety of knowledge production and application activities in vocational education.
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From page 233... ...
° Urban/Rural School 0.0' Development TOTAL 33.6 Policy formulation demonstrations/research Policy implementation demonstrations Policy formulation demonstrations Development of materials Policy formulation demonstrations "Authorized by the Vocational Education Amendments of 1968. •Fiscal 1976 obligations were S4.9; program ended by fiscal 1977.
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From page 234... ...
The Adult Education program also supports some policy formulation demonstrations. The overall objective of the adult education program is to assist, by providing grants to states for such programs, in eliminating illiteracy and providing opportunities for adults to continue their education at the level of secondary school completion and to secure training that would make them more employable, productive, and responsible citizens.
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From page 235... ...
Policy Implementation Demonstrations Approximately 95 percent of the bureau's policy implementation demonstrations are conducted under Part D authorization (of the 1968 Vocational Education Amendments)
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From page 236... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 309 309 12.239 5.148 2.686 20.073 20.382 1976 2.184 920 3.104 4.500 13.075 5.980 23.555 26.659 1977 1.492 820 2.312 4.500 10.650 10.965 26.115 28.427 The Office of the Commissioner manages and directs the affairs of the Office of Education. In addition to the general responsibility of managing OE, the Office of the Commissioner administers several programs: the Teacher Corps, the Bilingual Education, the Career Education, and the Right to Read programs.
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From page 237... ...
Women's Educational Equity" 0.7 Dissemination/evaluation Consumer Education" 0.3 Development of materials Metric Education" 0.3 Development of materials Gifted and Talented" 0.2 Policy formulation demonstrations TOTAL 28.4 "Special projects. the programs listed are "Special Project" activities.
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From page 238... ...
Policy Implementation Demonstrations The decrease in policy formulation demonstrations between fiscal 1975 and fiscal 1977 is due to a decline in demonstrations supported by the Career Education program and the end of the policy implementation demonstration component of the Right to Read program. The goal of the Career Education program is to stimulate state and local education agencies in their efforts to prepare students for gainful employment after graduation.
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From page 239... ...
The Resource Centers provide immediate services on effective practices and procedures to local education agencies. The Dissemination and Assessment Centers have the responsibility to assess, publish, and distribute the materials that have been developed by the Materials Development Centers.
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From page 240... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.269 12.148 64 13.481 1.236 1236 14.717 1976 1.000 12.503 13.503 1.000 1.000 14.503 1977 1.000 10.138 11.138 3.132 3.132 14.270 The Office of Planning, Budgeting, and Evaluation (OPBE) has the primary responsibility for planning, budgeting, and evaluating Office of Education programs.
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From page 241... ...
COOPERATIVE EDUCATION: A NATIONAL ASSESSMENT This study, mandated by Congress, evaluates the effectiveness of cooperative education. STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF STUDENT FINANCIAL AID PROGRAMS The pUrpose of the study is to determine what happens to institutions of postsecondary education and their students when they receive federal student aid.
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From page 242... ...
In fiscal 1976 and fiscal 1977, the office's dissemination efforts centered around the provision of technical assistance to state and local educational agencies concerning the evaluation of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. OPBE was mandated to develop uniform procedures, criteria, techniques, and methodology that would produce comparable data on a statewide and nationwide basis.
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