The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application A Survey of Federal Agencies (1978) / Chapter Skim
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'DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'
'DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'
Pages 368-395
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From page 368... ...
Within the department, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the largest funder of general purpose statistics. The thirdlargest knowledge production and application category is policy formulation demonstrations, funded primarily by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration.
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From page 369... ...
Table 17-2 presents the Department of Transportation agencies that fund social knowledge production and application activities. It is significant that three of the four largest funders of social knowledge production and application in the department have third parties as their primary audience.
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From page 371... ...
percent of the department's social knowledge production and application activities are aimed at third parties, which include: state departments of transportation, state highway departments, public service or utilities commissions, state multifunctional planning organizations, regional or local planning agencies dealing with transportation, transportation operators, and universities. The importance of third parties was recognized in the department's 1975 Statement of Transportation Policy: "The value of RD&D (research, development and demonstration)
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From page 372... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Bvalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 4.061 4.061 1.002 1.002 5.063 1976 5.342 5.342 1.097 1.097 6.439 1977 5.371 5.371 1.101 1.101 6.472 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is charged with regulating aviation safety and promoting civil aviation and a national system of airports.
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From page 373... ...
DEPARTMENT PLANNING AND SOCIOECONOMIC RESEARCH FAA socioeconomic research includes the study and investigation of the effects of transportation policies, rules, regulations, and standards on the transportation system, the economy, and society. Studies are conducted concerning aviation economics and alternative futures for the aviation industry.
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From page 374... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 5.350 115 5.465 750 750 6.215 1976 8.107 UK 8.225 2.037 2.037 10.262 1977 8.089 120 8.209 815 815 9.024 The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) seeks to coordinate highways with other modes of transportation to achieve the most effective balance of transportation systems and facilities under existing federal transportation policies.
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From page 375... ...
Metropolitan Intermodal Traffic Management This group of projects analyzes how urban transportation systems operate and develops concepts and techniques for use by local officials in managing traffic. Initial work in this program area has established performance measures for evaluating the effectiveness of urban transportation systems and developed tools for predicting social and environmental constraints, institutional coordination, and citizen participation.
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From page 376... ...
Railroad Highway Grade Crossing Research The goal of this program is improving safety conditions at railroad highway grade crossings. Accident data are analyzed to develop predictions of accidents for different types of warning devices.
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From page 377... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total on st rations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 3.060 60 1.534 4.654 4.654 1976 5.273 150 3.292 8.715 8.715 1977 5.620 240 2.991 8.851 8.851 The goal of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is to consolidate government support of rail transportation activities, provide a unified, unifying national policy, administer and enforce rail safety laws and regulations, and administer financial assistance programs for certain railroads.
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From page 378... ...
Research is funded to develop management systems. RAILROAD SAFETY RESEARCH Human factors analysis is the major topic of social research on railroad safety.
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For Further Information See Annual Report on the Railroad Technology Program, or write Federal Railroad Administration, Department of Transportation, 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C.
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From page 380... ...
Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 6.820 3.336 5.140 15 .29 6 6.202 2.708 963 9.873 25.169 1976 5.841 3.301 7.646 16.788 5.602 3.802 932 I0.336 27.124 \9TI 6.123 4.411 10.956 21.490 4.807 l.lll 5.918 27.408 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was established by Congress in 1970 to promote highway safety and reduce the number of deaths, injuries, and economic losses resulting from traffic accidents on American highways.
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From page 381... ...
Policy Formulation Demonstrations A major activity of NHTSA is providing information to states concerning effective highway safety programs. In order to learn what safety programs and innovations are effective, NHTSA supports several policy formulation demonstrations.
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From page 382... ...
The implementation of the system, combined with the ongoing Fatal Accident Reporting Systems, will provide NHTSA for the first time with a comprehensive data base on which to make decisions regarding the establishment of safety standards. Policy Implementation Demonstrations NHTSA'S major policy implementation demonstration, the Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP)
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From page 383... ...
Dissemination The Alcohol Public Education program supports public information and dissemination efforts designed to increase the public's, especially young people's, awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving. NHTSA disseminates information to state and local highway agencies about highway safety programs and the results of its research and demonstration activities.
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From page 384... ...
Congress felt that such studies might be more effectively and appropriately conducted by the Office of the Secretary rather than by the operating agencies in the department. Research The Office of the Secretary's social research is funded in six major program areas: transportation planning, transportation policy development, policy and planning information base, university research, transportation systems development and technology, and special studies.
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Specific projects include a study of federal transportation subsidies, effectiveness of user charges, and transportation regulatory reform. Automobile benefits and costs, which analyzes alternative governmental policies toward the automobile.
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From page 386... ...
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH The purpose of the department's university research program is to encourage the resources of the university community to be effectively brought to bear on national, state, and local transportation problems, with specific attention to national problems. The program supports university research programs, team research projects, individual research projects, and university-based seminars.
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From page 387... ...
Evaluations are also conducted to assess the effect of department research on the implementation of transportation policy. General Purpose Statistics The largest statistical program in the department is the National Transportation Data Base.
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From page 388... ...
Dissemination The largest component of the department's dissemination program is the Transportation Research Activity Information Service, which is an advanced information retrieval service that contains all the R&D projects supported by the department. Its major audience is the department's R&D staffs.
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From page 389... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 762 100 862 134 134 9% 1976 889 100 989 93 93 1.082 1977 I.350 300 100 1.750 195 195 1.945 The U.S. Coast Guard, which became a component of the Department of Transportation in 1967, is both an agency in the department and a branch of the Armed Forces of the United States.
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From page 390... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations atien Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 3.243 3.929 960 944 9.076 9.450 1.202 2.531 13.183 22.259 1976 4.524 5.476 1.000 2.718 13.718 3.784 2.442 3.630 9.856 23.574 1977 5.009 12.400 1.000 3.067 21.476 7.700 3.057 3.866 14.623 36.099 The mission of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) is to assist in the development of improved transportation facilities, equipment, techniques, and methods.
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From page 391... ...
Specific areas of social research are described below. New Systems and Automation While this program is largely concerned with the development and testing of advanced modes of urban transportation service, one part of the program has analyzed the social, economic, and environmental aspects of Automated Guideway Transit systems.
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From page 392... ...
Development, and Demonstrations program as two major types: experimental demonstrations and exemplary demonstrations. The experimental demonstrations have been categorized as policy formulation demonstrations, while the exemplary demonstrations have been categorized as policy implementation demonstrations (discussed below)
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From page 393... ...
FINANCE STATISTICS SURVEY UMTA, in conjunction with the Federal Highway Administration, conducts an annual survey of state and local governmental units to obtain public investment and program information regarding highway and transit activities. The surveys enable UMTA to monitor and analyze transportation financing and investment patterns of state and local governments.
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From page 394... ...
The first type, experimental demonstrations, have been categorized as policy formulation demonstrations. The second type, exemplary demonstrations, are excellent examples of policy implementation demonstrations.
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From page 395... ...
The Planning, Methodology, and Technical Support program disseminates materials and techniques to assist federal, state, and local agencies in the planning, implementation, and operation of urban transportation systems. A package of computer-based tools for multimodel transportation planning, the Urban Transportation Planning Systems, is actively disseminated by UMTA through training sessions and technical assistance activities.
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