The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application A Survey of Federal Agencies (1978) / Chapter Skim
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'INDEPENDENT AGENCIES'
'INDEPENDENT AGENCIES'
Pages 420-480
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From page 420... ...
20 Independent Agencies The Study Project surveyed 21 independent agencies -- that is, agencies that are not part of any cabinet-level department -- that support social knowledge production and application activities. These agencies vary widely in the amount of their support: in 1977, the National Science Foundation, one of the federal government's leading supporters of scientific research, obligated almost $100 million for social knowledge production and application; the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, which funds a small amount of in-house research on labor and management issues, obligated $0.1 million.
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From page 421... ...
Research The goal of the social research funded by ACTION is to provide the agency with information that it can use in planning future agency activities. A secondary goal is to provide more information on the general topic of volunteerism.
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From page 422... ...
9 Jl Z '3 yi I O u § 03 X X I C .o u M CA c m 3 -O Advancement of Knowledge for third parties Knowledge for third parties Advancement of knowledge Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal policie Knowledge for third parties 1 11 knowledge U O g 00 -o .u 0 c SC ^ >> ^ u u u i 'O e e e e D§ cd e | 00 00 u C 00 00 Si o C CQ x ^ 00 >.
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09 i i Improvement of federal progra I i inds activities in a • and community res Improvemeni of federal progfa Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal progra Knowledge for third parties Improvement of federal progra Improvement of federal policie Improvement of federal progra e (« £ 1 X X X •.
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From page 424... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Kvalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onst rations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 967 no 1.097 Ml Ml 1.238 1976 fl\ 108 1.079 182 182 1.261 1977 I.1 12 124 1.236 M6 166 1.402 The Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) is an independent, bipartisan body that attempts to identify and analyze the causes of intergovernmental conflicts.
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From page 425... ...
General Purpose Statistics The commission periodically publishes a fiscal "encyclopedia" entitled State and Local Finances: Significant Features of Fiscal Federalism. The report is a compilation of statistical tabulations from ACIR studies and other sources that serves as a handbook on state-local fiscal systems.
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From page 426... ...
The comprehensive goals of the commission are to provide the people of Appalachia with the health and skills they need to compete for opportunities and to develop a self-sustaining economy and environment capable of supporting a population with rising incomes and standards of living and increasing employment opportunities. To accomplish that task, the commission has concentrated on the greatest problems of development: community development and housing, education, environment, health and child development, industrial development and management, tourism, and transportation.
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From page 427... ...
Policy Formulation Demonstrations A major activity of the commission is funding area development activities via demonstration projects. An analysis of the demonstration program showed that the projects fall into three categories: policy formulation demonstrations, policy implementation demonstrations, and limited service program demonstrations.
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From page 428... ...
The major goal is thus to demonstrate in selected areas that modern, comprehensive health care can be made available and accessible in rural areas and that other similar areas can adopt these same programs. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT This program consists of demonstrations, other than health and education programs, that are deemed essential to assisting community and economic development in the Appalachian states and subregions.
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From page 429... ...
Research The commission's research activities fall into two major categories. The first category can best be described as "reports and studies." These studies are the result of federal and state fact-finding investigations, field hearings, and legal analyses.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expanded the commission's responsibility to include providing information to national and community organizations and institutions, government agencies, and the public. The dissemination activities described below are supported by the commission.
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.437 700 2.137 6.155 6.155 8.292 1976 1.900 725 2.625 5.300 5.300 7.925 1977 1.000 1.000 2.000 2.000 The major goal of the Community Services Administration (CSA) is to reduce poverty in America.
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From page 432... ...
Research has been conducted on: economic development strategies; organizational structures and internal management of community economic development organizations; and the financial management of community economic development organizations. Policy Formulation Demonstrations CSA supports a limited number of policy formulation demonstrations on community economic development.
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy l .-mini1i1 Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 1976 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 1SI77 12.100 700 12.800 12.800 The purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect and enhance the environment to the fullest extent possible.
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434 SURVEY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES and techniques to determine feasible alternative solutions, at a reasonable cost, to specific environmental problems. Research has focused on the development of improved multimedia planning techniques and improved methods for selecting and analyzing environmental quality and economic information, the evaluation of alternative institutional arrangements, and the development of comprehensive systems analysis and evaluation methods.
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1175 301 360 570 1.231 1.273 1.273 2.504 1976 330 193 360 1.160 2.043 1.441 1.441 3.484 1977 555 793 360 1.237 2.945 1 .505 1 .505 4.450 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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Policy Formulation Demonstrations The commission increased its support of policy formulation demonstrations in fiscal 1977. Forty state and local agencies received funding to test the effectiveness of innovative equal employment programs.
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstradons ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 4.335 300 4.635 505 505 5.140 1976 4.052 Mt 4.352 1.198 1.198 5.550 1977 3.506 300 3.806 1.463 1.463 5.269 A limited amount of social research is funded in the Executive Office of the President. Of the 13 components of the office presented in Figure 20-1, four were found to support or conduct social knowledge production or application activities.
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COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of Dissem*
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DtssemYear search onstrations anon Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 400 W0 400 1976 1.100 1.100 1.100 1977 1.200 1.200 1.200 The Council on Environmental Quality was established by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 to formulate and recommend national policies to promote the improvement and quality of the environment. The council performs a variety of functions, such as:
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From page 441... ...
(These activities are considered to be dissemination activities and not research activities.) Examples of such reports are: o The Growth Shapers, The Land Use of Infrastructure Investments, a synthesis of research findings on the land use effects of water and wastewater systems, power supplies, highway and secondary road networks, mass transit, etc.
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From page 442... ...
The council has conducted research and analyses on the causes of inflation in the paper, chemical, agricultural machinery, automotive, steel, and health care industries. For Further Information Write Council on Wage and Price Stability, 726 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington.
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From page 443... ...
Research OTP'S social research program was designed primarily to augment the policy-making role of the office through the exploration of policy options, the effect of those options, and the study of major issues of national telecommunications concerns. Through extramural and a limited amount of in-house research, studies were supported to enhance the ability of OTP to choose policy positions based on a sound knowledge of all relevant issues and an understanding of the ramifications of potential policy choices.
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Program Evaluation OTP allocated a portion of its resources to the evaluation of several federal telecommunications programs. Dissemination The office supported a limited number of dissemination activities.
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Dissemination A clearinghouse is supported to provide federal mediators with new information, approaches, and techniques developed in industrial relations. For Further Information Write Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 2100 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
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From page 446... ...
Research Research in the Federal Reserve System is conducted by the Division of Research and Statistics, which is responsible for the domestic aspects of the board's activities, and the Division of International Finance, which is responsible for the international aspects. The role of research is threefold: o to apprise the Board of Governors of current economic developments and to analyze them; o to give advice to the board with respect to the conduct of monetary policy; and o to do basic long-term research to improve the policy advice given to the board.
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These aspects are included in the analyses of possible changes in monetary policy. General Purpose Statistics In addition to its research activities, the Division of Research and Statistics collects statistics on money and banking, especially Federal Reserve Banks and "member banks" of the Federal Reserve System.
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has responsibility for the management of government property and records. Within GSA, the only program that was found to support social knowledge production and application activities was the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA)
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Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFtscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 100 100 70 70 170 OT6 100 25 125 140 140 265 1977 200 30 230 300 82 530 The National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, established in 1975, absorbed the functions of the National Commission on Productivity and Work Quality. The center was established to: o assist in the formulation of national policies for productivity; o coordinate federal activities affecting productivity; o report to Congress on the effect of public regulatory agencies on productivity; and o stimulate and support both private and public sector efforts to improve productivity and the quality of working life.
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From page 450... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 197.1 190 260 450 14.412 2.649 17.061 17.511 1976 500 297 797 14.300 3.300 17.600 18.397 1977 500 440 940 11.600 3.900 15.500 16.440 In order to encourage and support national progress in the humanities and the arts, the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities provides catalytic support to cultural institutions and individuals throughout the country. This support, while designed to provide increased access by all citizens to artistic and humanistic activities and works, is also aimed at increasing private and other forms of support.
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From page 451... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem* Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 190 260 450 450 1976 mo 197 697 697 1977 500 140 740 740 The activities of the National Endowment for the Arts are designed to foster the growth and development of the arts in the United States, to preserve and enrich the nation's cultural resources, and to provide opportunities for wider experience in all the arts.
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From page 452... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 14.412 2.649 17.061 17.061 IHV W0 100 14.300 3.300 17.600 17.700 1977 200 200 11.600 3.900 15.500 15.700 The activities of the National Endowment for the Humanities are designed to promote and support the production and dissemination of
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Should all or some of its activities be included in a survey of "social knowledge production and application"? The Study Project decided to include the development of educational materials and dissemination activities of the endowment and to exclude the research activities of the agency.
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Elementary and Secondary Education Projects This program supports the following activities: projects that combine teacher training with curriculum development; development of courses or programs that use either an interdisciplinary or single discipline approach; development of cooperative endeavors between schools and institutions of higher learning and cultural institutions. Examples of projects include: o the development of program and curriculum materials on South Asia for inclusion into high school social studies courses; and o the development of interdisciplinary humanities programs for high schools.
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From page 455... ...
Other dissemination activities include: a newsletter, the establishment of a humanities information center/clearinghouse, and the establishment of a reports dissemination system. ' For Further Information See the Annual Report of the National Endowment for the Humanities; Humanities, the newsletter of the endowment; and Program Announcement and Research Programs, which are publications of the endowment, or write National Endowment for the Humanities, 806 Fifteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
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From page 456... ...
I 1 1 I 5£l 1 I -- I 3i5 si?
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From page 457... ...
Other NSF goals are to apply scientific resources to selected national problems, to strengthen science education at all levels, to stimulate international scientific cooperation, to assist in the support of training in the sciences and engineering through a program of fellowships, to make science information more readily available, to appraise the effect of research on industrial development and general welfare, and to gather and publish scientific and technical data pertinent to national science policy. Responsibility for NSF'S functions is currently divided among seven directorates, five of which support social knowledge production and application activities (see Figure 20-2)
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From page 458... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 33.805 33.805 33.805 IV76 35.406 35.406 35.406 1977 41.692 41.692 41.692 The Directorate for the Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences is designed to support basic research in physiology, cellular and molecular biology, environmental biology, psychology neuroscience, sociology, economics, and other social sciences. The directorate has four divisions, two of which support social science research.
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The division's seven programs are described below. ANTHROPOLOGY This program supports research in cultural and social anthropology, archaeology, and physical anthropology.
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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL SCIENCE ThJS program SUppOrtS TCsearch regarding spatial and locational aspects of human organization and activity. LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES This program supports research on legal institutions, mechanisms, principles, and personnel.
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From page 461... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 I9.357 1976 28.454 1977 26.952 19,357 1.385 28.454 1.975 26.952 2.090 I.385 20.742 1.975 30.429 2.090 29.042 The Directorate for Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) was designed to apply science and technology to the solution of selected national problems.
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From page 462... ...
The programs in RANN that support social knowledge production are described below. PRODUCTIVITY This program is the largest social research activity in RANN.
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Policy Implementation Demonstrations The Intergovernmental Science and R&D Incentives program has supported work classified as policy implementation demonstrations, which promote the use of incentives for R&D and models of R&D use in local and state governments, such as setting up a model interstate scientific and technical information clearinghouse. For Further Information See Abstracts ofNSF/RANN Research Reports: Private Sector Productivity, and Intergovernmental Programs, Abstracts of Publications 1967-1975, both publications of NSF.
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From page 464... ...
Research The Directorate for Science Education has supported independent research by undergraduates, through its student-oriented programs (in the Division of Science Manpower Improvement) , and, beginning in 1976, social research on the implications for ethics and human values of science and technology (in the Office of Science and Society)
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From page 465... ...
Policy Implementation Demonstrations An activity previously called Educational Program Restructuring was reorganized in 1976 and assigned to two programs in the Division of Science Education Resources. IMPROVEMENT OF pRE-coLLEGE INSTRUCTION This program helps state and local school authorities acquire information about alternative instructional practices and materials and is testing and evaluating new methods of instruction.
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From page 466... ...
DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Social Knowledge Production and Application Obligations (Sthousands) Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Applicalion Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 11.335 845 1.842 14.022 14.022 1976 9.598 800 1.470 11.868 11.868 1977 7.500 500 2.050 10.050 10.050 The Directorate for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs is responsible for conducting studies and collecting data on science resources, administering international science activities, undertaking science and technology policy analysis, and providing advice on how
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From page 467... ...
Research Social research is supported in three program areas. SCIENCE INFORMATION This program supports research on information science, such as the use of computers and the transfer of technological information, and access improvement, such as computerized editing, as well as policy research, such as library-publisher relationships and research on the use of new information technology.
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From page 468... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrabons Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 300 300 300 1976 300 300 300 1977 710 710 710 Research The Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences has two program areas that support social knowledge production. ARCTIC RESEARCH This program supports some socioeconomic research related to resource exploration and economic growth in the Arctic.
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From page 469... ...
In addition, the SBA ensures that small business concerns receive a fair proportion of government purchases, contracts, and subcontracts. Research The research activities of the Small Business Administration have been concentrated in the following areas: o economic analysis and research studies concerning tax policies, competitive restraints, financial resources, the state of small business in the economy, trade, procurement, crime, and other selected topics related to small business.
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From page 470... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- Uon Dem- Evalu- Purpose (ation Dem- ment of I Won Year search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 7.600 134 7.734 82 1,301 1,383 9.117 1976 8.200 60 9360 Ml 1.245 1.346 9.606 \vn 11.100 57 11.157 120 1.110 1.230 12.387 The Smithsonian Institution conducts a variety of activities: (1) it maintains exhibits representative of the arts, American history, aeronautics and astronautics technology, anthropology, geology, and biology; (2)
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From page 471... ...
Program Evaluation The Smithsonian supports a small number of program evaluations of its activities in cultural affairs. Development of Materials In the Center for the Study of Man, the American Indian program prepares educational materials concerning Indians for individuals, schools, and communities.
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From page 472... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- men t of DissemYear search onMrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 388 388 443 443 831 1976 358 3» 1.000 614 1.614 1.972 1977 249 M9 3.700 832 4.532 4.781 The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a government-owned corporation that conducts a unified program of resource development geared to the advancement of economic growth in the Tennessee Valley region.
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For Further Information Write Tennessee Valley Authority, Room 410, New Sprankle Building, Knoxville, Tenn.
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From page 474... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Re- tion Dem- Evalu- Purpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrauons Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 153 153 153 1976 I80 I80 180 1977 415 415 415 The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA)
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From page 475... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General ImplemenDevelopFiscal Retion Dem- EvaluPurpose tation Demment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Malerials ination Total TOTAL 1975 1.531 65 798 2,394 1.750 1.111 2.861 5.255 1976 1.581 235 645 2.461 2.000 1.148 3.148 5.609 1977 1.470 636 2.106 1.333 1.068 2.401 4.507 The basic purpose of the U.S. Civil Service Commission (csc)
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From page 476... ...
Policy Implementation Demonstrations The Civil Service Commission administers the intergovernmental personnel program, which aims to improve personnel management and training in state and local governments. Policy implementation demonstrations are supported to assist state and local governments in improving their personnel and management systems through the adaptation of new or improved techniques and procedures.
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From page 477... ...
Knowledge Production Activities Knowledge Application Activities Policy Policy Formula- Program General Implemen- DevelopFiscal Retion Dem- EvaluPurpose tation Dem- ment of DissemYear search onstrations ation Statistics Total onstrations Materials ination Total TOTAL 1975 194 291 485 485 1976 208 312 520 520 1977 208 312 520 520 The U.S. Information Agency (USIA)
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From page 478... ...
Program Evaluation The USIA conducts research surveys to assess the reach and effectiveness of USIA programs in foreign countries. These evaluation studies assist the agency in tailoring local programs to the target audience.
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From page 479... ...
Social research is, however, supported in the areas described below. AGING These studies examine behavioral patterns associated with aging and the delivery of geriatric services.
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From page 480... ...
Policy Implementation Demonstrations In addition to policy formulation demonstrations, the VA supports demonstrations at individual hospital sites with the expectation that the practice or concept will be adopted at others. An example of such a demonstration is a counseling program connected with drug and alcohol treatment programs.
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