The Scientific Bases for the Preservation of the Hawaiian Crow (1992) / Chapter Skim
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4 CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE 'ALALA
4 CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE 'ALALA
Pages 50-67
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From page 50... ...
, captive breeding and reintroduction enabled the restoration of breeding populations in large portions of the former range at a rate far exceeding that which would have occurred through natural coronation (Cede, 1986a,b, 1988~. When wild populations are small, fragmented, and therefore prone to extinction, captive populations can serve several important roles in recovery efforts (Carpenter and Derrickson, 1981; Dernckson and Snyder, 1992~.
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From page 51... ...
The immediate objectives of the program, like those of similar programs initiated at about the same time for other endangered species, were to avoid extinction in case wild populations were extirpated, to enable research on behavioral and reproductive requirements, and to produce offspring that could be returned to the wild to augment the existing wild populations. The last of those objectives was emphasized in the 'Alala Recovery Plan developed later (Burr et al., 1982)
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From page 52... ...
In September 1990, Cynthia Kuehier, a zoologist with He Zoological Society of San Diego and an advisor to this commode, conducted a review of He 'Alala breeding program and made a number of husbandry and management recommendations to improve the heal and productivity of the captive flock, many of which have been implemented. She also reviewed and summarized the existing records and prepared a studbook for the captive population, which has greatly facilitated the demographic and genetic analyses discussed below.
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From page 53... ...
. Specific causes of mortality have included shipment stress (one case)
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From page 54... ...
EL4WAILdN CROW Table 4. ~ Pairings at Pohakuloa (1979-1986)
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From page 55... ...
In monogamous species of birds, successful reproduction requires physiological synchronization and sexual and social compatibility. Female Pairing yearks)
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From page 56... ...
Mate Comments Waalan ~1987-1991 Kelii Late nest-building, 1987-1990; male broke egg 1991, no rela~g; separated because of aggression 1991 Umi Compatible, but nest-build~ng only Hina 1977-1978 Umi Productive, chicks and eggs disappeared; female died August 7, 197B, of toxemia Hooku 1991 Keawe Placed together in August after dead of Mana; appear compatible ADDITIONAL NOTES REGARDING CHICK REARING: · Entree siblings raised at He Honolulu Zoo were kept together until August 1981, when they were transferred to Pohakuloa facility and placed In separate enclosures at Pohakuloa. At Olinda facility young have been raised individually and Den placed together as fledglings unfit approximately 1-year old (when intraspecific aggression occurs)
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From page 57... ...
. To achieve this goad pairings on this basis would be: Umi x Waalani, Luukia x Kinohi, Keawe x Hooku, and Kelii x Kolohe.
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From page 59... ...
This would essentially require a captive population containing approximately 40 breeding pairs. We believe that this number should be adopted as an interim population objective, while recognizing that this number could potentially be reduced somewhat under certain management strategies, such as the integrated management of both the wild and captive populations (see the discussion of options for management in Chapter 6)
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From page 60... ...
. She found Hat the average band-shanng coefficient was higher for unrelated Puerto Rican Parrots Han for unrelated Hispaniolan Parrots and that, among mated pairs of captive Puerto Rican Parrots, reproductive success declined as band-shanng coefficients increased.
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From page 61... ...
and wild populations of three other corvids (all using leffreys 33.15 probe)
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From page 62... ...
That procedure works well, because females In most, if not all, corvid species perform all He Incubation duties. Also, inasmuch as captive females need only go to a food pan for their own food and Hat of He nestlings, neither eggs nor nestlings suffer from neglect.
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From page 63... ...
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE 'AI~LA i~ x C~ ~_ V, X V, o - V C~ Pt ~: o e~ _ ~ ~ V 1 ~ ~-~ o ~1 1 V, == ' ~ 1 Z m C~ .~ o v o ._ d ;> ._ _, C C~ 5 o o V ._ Crq ~: C~ C~ V OX 0\ _ ~o ~ e [Q _ c,' _ V, ,c °` CQ N D: ~N N ~N N N ~ ~N N V O o o Z Z Z Z Z ~Z 1 1 1 1 ,~ 1 · I ~ d- _ _~ Ji ~ Z ~Z Z Z ~ ~ ~ e~ A ~ ~ ~ - - - ~ - ;- .
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From page 64... ...
~4WAILiN CROW to in C)
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From page 66... ...
At present, the captive 'Alala receive a rather complicated diet consisting of at least eight food types (e.g., native fruits, commercial exotic fruit, nectar, corn, dry Hi-Pro dog kibble, low-iron bird of paradise pellets, two 1-day-old chicks or a single rat pup, mealworms, and a blended egg "omelets. This tvDe of diet can Dose a number of problems First when off~r`~1 ~ ~ ,~ Are r~~~ ~ ^~ rim ~ I ~~~~ such a vanety, many birds will consume only those items that they prefer, and this selectivity can lead to nutritional deficiencies.
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From page 67... ...
on the Hawaiian islands to minimize the possibilit~v of significant losses resulting from disease outbreaks or other potential catastrophes. Because many captive breeding programs for endangered species have suffered severe setbacks as a result of disease outbreaks (see Derrickson and Snyder 1992 for examples and discussion)
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