Body Composition and Physical Performance Applications for the Military Services (1990) / Chapter Skim
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10 Body Composition, Morbidity, and Mortality
10 Body Composition, Morbidity, and Mortality
Pages 175-184
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From page 175... ...
In discussing measures of body composition, it is helpful to distinguish criterion from prediction methods, and direct measures from indirect estimates. Criterion methods measure physical properties, chemical or anatomical constituents that are either direct measures of well-defined components (for example, total body water from deuterium dilution space)
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From page 176... ...
CT and MRI are most useful as methods of regional body composition analysis and are among the only methods currently available for quantifying amounts of intraabdominal adipose tissue for which there may be considerable risk for several endocrine and metabolic diseases (Baumgartner et al., 1987; Kvist et al., 1986; Larsson et al., 1984~. In contrast to CT, MRI does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation and is associated with little risk.
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From page 177... ...
The use of an easily accessible water tank and a stable seat or platform suspended from load cells rather than spring scales will improve performance and accuracy of underwater weighing. If validated, DEXA could be the method of choice in the future, because it can provide both regional and whole body estimates of fat, lean mass, and bone mass at a relatively low cost.
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From page 178... ...
These errors can be compounded due to reported greater variations in body water amount and bone mineral content among individuals with differences in age, race, and gender, which affect body density. Also, individuals who are physically fit tend to have higher bone mineral content and as a result, may have artificially low percent BE values when calculated using Siri's equation.
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From page 179... ...
With the use of DEXA, however, the potential exists for identifying young adults with low or falling amounts of bone mineral content or bone density who are at risk for osteoporosis or fractures due to physical stress in their military occupational specialty. Fat-Free Mass Differences between individuals in the quantity and quality of FFM result in variations in physical ability and performance.
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From page 180... ...
There are numerous reports of the statistical relationships between body weight, relative weight, skinfold thicknesses, weight for stature, or the BMI and risk for cardiovascular disease. In most of these analyses, the data have come from large population studies such as Framingham, the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and several large insurance industry studies (Donahue et al., 1987; Hubert et al., 1983; Keys, 1989; Neser et al., 1986; Selby et al., 19891.
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From page 181... ...
This simple difference between internal and subcutaneous adipose tissue deposits is also related to differing levels of risk. The masculine or centripetal pattern is strongly associated with increased glucose intolerance resulting in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and stroke and an increased risk for premature mortality (Bray, 1987; Donahue et al., 1987; Haines et al., 1987; Larsson et al., 1984; Seidell et al., 1985; Selby et al., 1989~.
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From page 182... ...
Some of this change may be a normal manifestation of age, but it is evident that increased amounts of internal adipose tissue in the abdomen put one at the greatest health risk. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by Grant HD-12252 and AG-08510 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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From page 183... ...
1984. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13-year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913.
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From page 184... ...
1987. Body composition, not body weight is related to cardiovascular disease risk factors and sex hormone levels in men.
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