Body Composition and Physical Performance Applications for the Military Services (1990) / Chapter Skim
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14 Body Composition Measurement: Accuracy, Validity, and Comparability
14 Body Composition Measurement: Accuracy, Validity, and Comparability
Pages 223-236
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From page 223... ...
The substitution of tests of health and physical capacity is possible, such as submaximal treadmill test performance, blood pressure test to rule out hypertension, spirometry to check lung health, Cybex to check quadriceps strength, hand grip dynamometer for hand strength, and evaluation of endurance via field performance or mini marathon. Would these tests provide more information than arbitrary standards based on changing norms?
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How well do multiple anthropometric measures mirror body composition, body density, and ethnic, racial, and age-related differences in fat distribution or changes in bone density? Body composition can be measured directly by chemical analysis of animal or human carcasses or cadavers.
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Physical training may also alter the fat-free body mass, suggesting that the new gold standard include separate measures of water, muscle, and bone mineral content. Greater delineation of lean body components that is, total body nitrogen, total body water, potassium, and so on have emerged.
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From page 226... ...
corresponding to specific percentiles for a specific population, ideal body weight, or body mass index (BMI; typically, weight in kg per height in m24. One common external standard for overfatness is based on a BMI above 26 while a frequently employed standard of ideal body weight is based on the Metropolitan Life Insurance mortality results (1959, 19831.
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Cross-sectional studies in England, Canada, the United States, and Holland report that in both men and women, relative weight increases during adulthood, is maintained in middle age, and decreases in old age (Baecke et al., 1983;Bray, 1987;Jeffreyetal., 1984;Khosla and Lowe, 1968;Millar and Stephens, 1987; Montoye et al., 1965; NCHS, 1980; Rosenbaum et al., 1985; Stewart and Brook, 1983~. Although such associations between age and overweight could be due in part to a confusion between cohort and age effects possible in cross-sectional studies, data from prospective studies support these general findings.
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are also related to weight fluctuations is unknown. The few existing prospective studies suggest relative consistency in body weight patterns over time.
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Recently, several studies have focused on the potential deleterious consequences of weight changes and have reported greater morbidity and mortality solely as a consequence of weight fluctuations (Hamm et al., 1989; Hoffman and Kromhout, 19891. Recent reports from the MRFIT, Goteborg, and Framingham populations suggest an association between weight cycling (individual variations in body weight)
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Weight stability can also be estimated by the intraindividual variability in body weights or fat distribution patterns, that is, the coefficient of variation (CV) of at least three consecutive body weights taken at regular intervals (3 to 5 years)
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· If certain patterns of fat distribution (centripetal or abdominal depots) are more likely to occur with older age and be more closely linked with morbidity/mortality, should body composition recommendations and standards be differentially aimed at specific subgroups, i.e.
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1974. Body fat assessed from total body density from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged 16 to 72 years.
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1977. Blood pressure and body mass index patterns a longitudinal study.
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1991. Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2)
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1981. Total body mineral and lean body mass by dualphoton absorptiometry.
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