Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993) / Chapter Skim
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2 Public Land, Private Land: An Overview of Ownership and Its Management Challenges
2 Public Land, Private Land: An Overview of Ownership and Its Management Challenges
Pages 27-50
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From page 27... ...
He argued that conservation is concerned with the "intertemporal distribution of resource use." Thus, land conservation could be defined as the management of land resources to sustain their productivity in the long term and to avoid losses of valuable components. Dana and Fairfax (1980)
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From page 28... ...
Those who advocated development of natural resources also exercised considerable influence on federal land policy. The progressive conservation movement, led by Theodore Roosevelt, Bernhard Fernow, Gif
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From page 29... ...
, conservation meant management of forests to yield crops of timber in perpetuity. Foresters would promote conservation by practicing sustained yield on the national forests and by providing a knowledge base and technical and protection services to make scientific forest management possible on private lands (Greeley, 1972; Steen, 1991~.
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From page 30... ...
Their perspective gained support from a growing segment of the public, and during He 1960s, Hat support was reflected in congressional passage of wilderness, wild and scenic river, and endangered species legislation. Conservation in the Age of Environmentalism The rise of He environmental movement during He 1960s gave impe
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From page 31... ...
This contest over federal land, water, and wildlife policies continue to be waged today. Competing interpretations of conservation were reflected in battles over clearcutt~ng, wilderness designation, old-growth and ancient forest preservation, and endangered species protection.
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From page 32... ...
During Me 1970s and 1980s, many resource economists turned Weir attention to valuation of noncommodity resources, such as recreation and biological diversity (Randall, 1987; Montgomery and Brown, 1991~. Resource economics, which had been the social science arm of progressive conservation, increasingly addressed issues raised by conservation biology.
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From page 33... ...
For example, although the Endangered Species Act offers a means to achieve biological diversity at the species level, there is little statutory basis for a conservation strategy aimed at protecting biological diversity at either the level of genetic material or ecosystems. Natural Sciences and Conservation Efforts Developments in the physical and biological sciences influenced conservation ~inking.
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From page 34... ...
Elements of Conservation and Its Institutionalization Conservationists have tried to achieve an array of objectives using numerous managerial strategies and a small set of institutional arrangements. Managerial strategies have included sustained production of commodity resources using an agricultural model, active management of reserves either to maintain a particular type of landscape or to protect biological diversity, and holding wilderness areas that are not directly managed.
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From page 35... ...
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LA N DOWN ER f i H I P Public Landownership in the United States The use of criteria to establish priorities for land acquisition is limited by the lack of a comprehensive source of information on public and private landownership that provides an overview of lands that are protected or suited for conservation purposes. All of the land the United States has acquired on the Norm American continent previously was owned by other nations and Indian tribes.
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From page 36... ...
By1976,mored~an ~ billion acres of Me public domain had been disposed of under public land laws. Public land laws usually distinguish between the public domain lands obtained by the United States from other sovereigns and acquired lands lands obtained from private or state ownership by gift, purchase, exchange, or condemnation (Cogging, 1991~.
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From page 38... ...
38 SEINING PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVATION FIGURE, 2-2 Iddian lands, October 1991.
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From page 39... ...
RED LAKE ~ -64 .8ITE |IRTH 39 owe' 9~5S"`O4O: ST Cal] BLOC COURI~ .~t{L^' ~ ~ \ f \ ~'ssEToN / eAHPtTON ·: dolt Lint pOl'~,7 ·,'~`R``' l'AY4SE ~ ~ ^\ I ~ V UPPER SIOUX SH OPEL BOR CAKED ran ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
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From page 40... ...
The remains are public doma~n lands that were not claimed by settlers or miners under various homestead and over disposal laws or were not granted to states, railroads, and over entities to promote development and expansion of settIement. t Designation of Federal Lands Starting with Yellowstone Park in 1872, some of We public domain was reserved in federal ownership as national parks, monuments, and forests.
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From page 41... ...
The national forests and grasslands, however, often were acquired for over reasons; for example, abandoned farmlands were acquired during the Great Depression. The only large areas of federal lands reserved from Me public domain east of the Great Plains are the Superior National Forest in Minnesota and the Ouachita National Forest in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
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From page 42... ...
This includes 365 million acres in Alaska, nearly all of which was federal land before statehood in 1959.~ Despite heightened environmental awareness in Me 1970s, concerns about further federal land acquisition persisted. In 1979, the General Accounting Office stated Mat current federal land policies tended to overlook least expensive laud protection strategies, adversely affected private landowners, and underestimated facility maintenance costs of Me expanding land base (GAO, 1979~.
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From page 43... ...
. The PCAO's mandate in some ways resembled Cat of ORRRC, but it made no assumption Cat additional public lands were necessary to achieve ache public heady and vitality associated wig out
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From page 44... ...
44 SE1317NG PRIOR177ES FOR LAND CONSERVATION TABLE 2-2 Federal Acreage Purchased Using I and and Water Conservation Fund Money National Fish & Forest Park Wildlife Year Service Service Service BLM* Total 1965n/a729n/an/a729 196629,4373,974n/an/a33,411 196770,05852,6713n/a122,732 196885,86158,5222,561n/a146,944 196991,32798,355832n/a190,514 197079,72070,540~15,0310165,291 197180,94444,6514,530536130,661 197275,46968,49911,506594156,068 197391,13849,6433,0172,117145,915 197435,93386,2772,8594,599129,668 197544,05175,4122,6251,744123,832 197657,235149,24625,0641,903233,448 197739,472218,24527,4051,840286,962 197832,429260,55526,5995,249324,832 197994,861122,16737,8423,400258,270 198066,04953,70221,5403,760145,051 1981102,46318,18521,2022,119143,969 19828,33218,06114,10118540,679 198310,44713,28518,92112,04954,702 198419,16214,369164,4482,004199,983 198534,44827,05179,620151,613292,732 198642,86073,68928,66372,842218,054 198785,83217,64555,26848,161206,906 198857,76843,57788,54357,465247,353 1989106,35429,02983,21672,475291,074 Total1,441,6501,668,079735,396444,6554,289,780 Source: The Conservation Fund.
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From page 45... ...
Private Landownership in the United States Alexis de Tocqueville, traveling in He United States early in Me nineteen~ century, made note of Me unalloyed devotion to private ownership in Be new republic: In rzo country in the world is the love of property more active aru] more atrocious than in the United States; nowhere does the majority display less inclinationfor those principles which threaten: to alter, in whatever manner, the laws of property (cited in Sakolski, 1957~.
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From page 46... ...
As Me land base of me nation increased, We federal government's share at times grew to 80% of the total. Witch the help of numerous homestead acts, cash sales, and grants to railroads, private landownership expanded to well over half of the nation at some times (CIawson, 1973~.
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From page 47... ...
On the other hand, periodic public clamor against federal ownership as a barrier to private ownership might be more directed protest over private land concentrations and the ownership access obstacles it presents. DISINCENTIVES FOR CONSERVATION Many incentives and disincentives affect the ownership, management, and use of federal and other public lands.
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From page 48... ...
Factors worm pondering include population growth and distribution, the nation's changing occupational structure, new institutional developments that might lessen the traditional polarity between public and private landowner, and growing sophistication about conservation at He ecosystem level. The potential effect of population change on public ownership is striking.
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From page 49... ...
The vigorous pursuit of public values no longer takes place only on public lands or out-of-the-way preserves and set-asides. Just as federal lands host a broad array of private uses and ownership rights, private lands are shouldering an increasing public responsibility in the areas of conservation, environmental protection, and public-interest health and recreation.
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