Toward a Coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure for the Nation (1993) / Chapter Skim
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5 Spatial Data and the Urban Fabric
5 Spatial Data and the Urban Fabric
Pages 59-73
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From page 59... ...
The federal focus on mapping natural resources, almost to the exclusion of all else, fails to recognize the growing needs of the federal agencies for information more commonly referenced to street aciciresses, voting precincts, and lanct parcels. We refer to these needs within the context of an urban fabric, a fabric that includes both urban and rural areas 59
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From page 60... ...
This chapter addresses the potential contribution of each toward meeting the needs for an adequate spatial data infrastructure for urban areas of the United States and the current status of each one. In Chapter 9 we present recommendations for technical, organizational, and institutional changes and for cooperative activities to meet the needs for urban spatial data in the next decade.
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From page 61... ...
The land base typically incorporates: a common coordinate reference system, Be portrayal of physical features in a planimetric and orthogonal view, and the representation of topographic relief and features. Land base systems include: techniques for collecting information, through aerial photography and remote sensing, about the location, extent, and nature of physical features; techniques for representing this information graphically and textually; linkages to other descriptive information about the features; techniques for replacing and disseminating information, e.g., maps; and a process for maintaining the temporal currency of the features.
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From page 62... ...
State agencies rely heavily on federal sources for large-area mapping and to a significant yet lesser extent on the mapping activities of local governments. Land base maps with wide ranges in type, accuracy, currency, and content are a common product of local government.
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From page 63... ...
102-285) ; the high altitude aerial photography program of the USDA, the USGS, and state governments; the cadastral mapping program and the previous funding incentives of North Carolina and county tax assessors; the funding incentives for land record modernization in Wisconsin and GIS consortia such as in Louisville, Kentucky; Knoxville and Nashville, Tennessee; and Indianapolis, Indiana.
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From page 64... ...
The examples are many, including locations of buildings, construction of secondary roads, movement/migration of people, and siting and characterization of public and privately owned utility facilities. THE NATION'S CADASTRE Introduction As William Chatterton (1991, past chairman American Bar Association Committee on Land Records Improvement, personal communication)
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From page 65... ...
Historically, the responsibility for maintaining land ownership information (i.e., a cadastral system) has been delegated to local governments, with state intervention and coordination occurring only limitedly and inconsistently.
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From page 66... ...
Rationale for Federal Involvement The federal government is responsible for a diverse group of mandates and functions that require parcel-based information. These include aboriginal land tenure; the federal government's significance as a lanti owner; its role in real estate and asset/facilities management; its role in acquiring property for specific projects; various taxation roles; its regulatory role with respect to real estate financing, interstate commerce, agricultural support programs, environmental assessment, hazardous waste management, etc.; and civil defense and emergency preparedness roles.
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From page 67... ...
at improved survey standards and coordination of parcels, administrative and legal improvements to the deed registry system, automation of land records, development of cadastral mapping programs, integration of parcel data bases, etc. in the early 1980s, many of these proposals were bundled together under the label of the multipurpose cadastre concept, as described in two reports prepared by the National Research Council (Committee on Geodesy, 1980, 1983~.
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From page 68... ...
intersection of the street network; differentiate between the left and right sicle of each segment ant! anomalies such as cu.} de sacs; encocle street names, zip codes, census geographies, and other area descriptors; provide address ranges for both sicles of the street segment; anti incorporate coordinate references ant!
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From page 69... ...
Direct benefits extend to increased productivity of professional drivers and commuters alike, reciuced emissions from burning fossil fuels, and reduced dependence on r foreign energy sources. Current Status of Street Centerline Spatial Data Bases Although no single national data base fills all requirements for an SCSD, products from three agencies provide part of the content of a national street-centerline resource.
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From page 70... ...
it is updated monthly, making it by far the most current geographic reference data base; and (4) it is widely used as the standard for street naming.
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From page 71... ...
Need for Greater Coordination or Consolidation There are inter- and intragovernmental opportunities for shared development, collection, and use of spatial data. Additionally, there are valid roles and potential for private sector participation in cooperative efforts as well as in providing value-acicled products.
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From page 72... ...
Furthermore, the ZIP+4 data base is copyrighted by the USPS to control distribution of outdated copies, the use of which could snarl mail processing. The only general-purpose data base-the 1:24,000 DLG is incomplete and lacks key data fields required for broad usage.
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From page 73... ...
the private sector regardless of the specific geography involved. The commercial utility of an SCSD is great enough to encourage several private companies to fund independent multimillion dollar projects to improve public SCSD resources, turning them into proprietary data holdings.
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