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From page 335... ... XA Aarhus University (Denmark) , 12 Accelerators; see Particle accelerators Acetylene, 261 Acridines, 107 Ad am antane, 2 73 Adenosine triphosphate, 113 Adriamycin, 107 Aerodynamics, 228 Agnew, D.C., 161, 163, 168, 179 AIDS AZT and, 93, 94, 96 cases by exposure group, 84 cases worldwide, 61, 62 drug treatments, 91-97 epidemic, 60 HIV progression to, 81-88 opportunistic infections, 6162, 93-94, 95, 96 prevention, 97 related conditions, 62 research goals, 63 surveillance case definition, 64, 85 T-cell mystery, 85-88 see also HIV Airy, George, 136-137 Alanine, 296 Alber, Tom, 290-293, 295, 296-297, 298, 301-305, 308, 309-310, 311, 312-314 Alberts, Bruce, 114, 115, 116 Albrecht, Thomas, 43 Alvarez, Walter, 324 American Physical Society, 34 Amino acids, 75, 292, 293; see also Proteins; individual amino acids Amsacrine, 107 Anderson, Carl, 236-237, 244 Anfinsen, Christian, 292-293 Anthracyclines, 107 Anthraquinones, 107 Antibodies, 67-68, 72, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 113, 291 Antimatter, 244 Antineutrino, 19 Antiprotons, 244, 245 Arecibo Observatory, 127 Argon, 23 Arizona State University, 135 Arneodo, Alain, 223 Artificial metals, 280-281 Arvidson, Ray, 148 AshLin, Arthur, 57 Astrid Ion, 50 ATCase, 292, 313 Atoms/atomic behavior in small groups, 40 biological applications of manipulation techniques, 5658 Bose condensation, 56 clock, 55, 58 Doppler shifts, 48-49 electrical properties, 51-52 force microscope, 43 fountain, 53-54, 55 funnel, 53-54 image, 38 laser cooling of, 48-50, 51 photon absorption, 51 standards for measurement, 5556 surface, 35-36, 39-40 switching, 42-43 syncytia and, 86 trapping, 51-53 at ultralow temperatures, 54, 55-56, 58 wave properties, 55-56 xenon, 39-40, 42 AT&T Bell Laboratories, 51, 52, 57, 205, 217, 273, 280, 281, 321 322, 326 335 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... attempted synthesis, 263 bond lengths, 274 cesium-d op e d, 282 chromatography column, 276 commercial importance, 258 259, 275-277 compression effects, 278-279 diameter, 274 discovery, 258 infrared analyses, 277 insulating properties, 280 ionized, 287 magnets, 285 mass spectral analyses, 277 name, 265-266 NMR testing, 269, 271-273 optical properties, 285 phase transition, 274 photographing, 269, 274-275 polymers, 285 potassium-doped, 280-282 production and trapping of, 266-269, 275-277 Raman spectrum, 269, 270-271, 279 rocket propellant from, 285-286 rubidium-doped, 282 solid-state spin, 273-274 in shungite, 287 strength, 285-286 structure, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 271 superconductivity, 280-282 uses, 279-286 vibrational frequencies, 270-271 x-ray crystrallography, 274, 277 Buckyclutcher I, 276 Buckyonions, 278 Buckytubes, 277-278 Byerlee, lames, 187 C Calcium, 283 California, 16 earthquake probabilities, 180 181 seismicity, 163-164, 177, 178, 187 see also Earthquakes; San Andreas Fault California Institute of Technology, 5, 7, 12, 171, 238, 317, 322 let Propulsion Laboratory, 135, 316-317 Cambridge University, 4 Canada, 30 Canary Islands, 16 Cancer breast, 107 colon, 314 defined, 106 drug development approaches, 106-107 onco-proteins, 108 protein diagnostic, 314 skin, 122 Carbon chains in outer space, 286-287 crystalline forms, 258, 261-262, 277 fiber technology, 278 reactivity, 265 versatility, 261 See also Buckminsterfullerenes; Fullerenes Carbon, John, 112 Carbon dioxide, 44, 126, 171 Carbon monoxide, 41, 44 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 147, 298-299 Carnegie-Mellon University, 30 Carr, Chavela, 311 Catalysts, 44, 292 Cavendish laboratory (Great Britain) , 18 ccc-2 kinase, 103 Cells catalyst, 292 cycle, 99, 100-103, 104, 111, 114, 115 Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... A M., 236, 240, 249 Dirichlet, Peter, 200 DNA antisense, 94-95 discovery, 98, 293 laser manipulation of, 57 ligase, 119, 121 polymerase I, 119, 121 polymerase III holoenzyme, 119, 120, 121 proliferation in cancer cells, 99 recombinant, 110, 293, 296 repair, 101, 121-122 structure, 98, 104, 120, 293, 298 synthesis, 101, 10~105 topoisomerases, 106-107, 120121 transcription, 121 DNA replication accessory proteins, 116-122 autonomously replicating sequences, 112 bacterial, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120 121 cell cycle and, 99, 100-103, 104 105, 108, 111, 114, 115 Central Dogma, 75-76 deletion analysis, 112-113 error correction, 121-122 fork, 117-119 in fruit flies, 112 implications of research findings on, 113-116 initiator proteins, 105, 108, 110, 111-114 lagging and leading strands, 117-120 origin recognition complex, 111, 113, 115 ligation, 118 multiprotein initiation factor, 111, 116 Okazaki fragment, 118, 119, 120 order of, 116-117 origin recognition complex, 113, 115 - 116 primosome complex, 120 replicator, 105, 108, 111 Replicon model of duplication, 105 replisome, 111, 120 supercoiling, 120 SV40, 105, 108-109 337 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... , 154, 161, 174,190 seismic paths, 163 shallow-focus, 164 slipping friction and, 188 Southern California (1812) , 176 177 stress released during, 184 "The Big One," 155, 156, 168, 174, 177-178, 192-193 tree ring dating of, 176-177 Ecole Normale Superieure, 210 Ecole Polytechnique, 209, 210, 219 Eddington, Arthur, 21 Edison, Thomas, 232 Eigler, Don, 39 Einstein's theory of general relativity, 5, 13, 55, 240, 243 Einsweiler, Kevin, 250 Eisenberg, David, 312-314 E1 Nino, 222 Electric fields, 56 Electrical resistivity, 191 Electromagnetic waves, 204 Electrons charge on, 55, 236 mass, 249-250 neutrino, 20, 22, 23, 30, 31 radius, 55 shared, 40 subquark structure, 58; see also Quarks Nlan der Waals force, 39-40 wave properties, 56 Ellsworth, W Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... , 112 Fuller, R Buckminster, 259, 265 Fullerenes, 43; see also Buckminsterfullerenes applications, 259-260, 276, 278, 284-285 C70, 259, 260, 266, 267, 269, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284-285, 287 diamond films from, 284-285 discovery, 263-269, 286 formation mechanisms, 272-273 metallo-, 260, 282-284, 285, 287 nonfullerene, 277-279 in outer space, 286-288 predicted discovery of, 262, 263 products, 276 properties, 260 sources and abundance, 259, 263 structure, 260, 263, 266, 275 superconductors, 283 Fullerite, 273 Fusion reaction, 21 G g-factor, 45-46 Galileo, 2-3 Gallium neurino detector, 27-28, 29 Gamma rays, 22 Gell-Mann, Murray, 238-242 Genes APC, 314 DNA recognition, 114-115 DNA repair, 122 reaulation of 298-301 code, 98; see also DNA defects, 290 Genetics experimental approaches to study of, 99 HIV, 77-79, 80 Germanium neutrino detector, 27, 28 Gilbert,G.K., 161, 169, 190 Glaser, Donald, 254 Glashow, Sheldon, 240, 241, 245 339 Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... A POSITRON NAMED PRISCILLA Global Oscillation Network Group, 15 Gluons, 46, 252 Glycoproteins, 6065, 78, 80, 81, 86, 90 Cough, Douglas, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18,25,26 Granuloma, 91 Graphite, 261-263, 264-265, 267268, 277, 278 Gravity acceleration of, 56 anomalies, 136-137 Fourier analysis applied to, 207 Higgs particle and, 250 Newton's differential equations, 199-200 Venus PVO data, 141 Great Britain, 18, 30 Grimm, Robert, 135, 140-141, 144, 147-148, 149, 150-151 Grossmann, Alex, 209, 210-211, 216,217,220,224,226,228, 229, 233 Gyrase, 121 H Hafnium, 283 Hansch, Ted, 51 Harbury, Pehr, 308-310, 312 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 5 Harvard University, 245, 278 Harvey, John, 13 Hassen, Chuck, 276 Hawaii, 16, 141 Hawaiian swell, 137 Hawkins, Joel, 274 Hayward fault system, 181 He, Zheng-Xu, 321 Head, James, 131-132, 143 Healy, Dennis, Jr., 222, 228 Heath, lames R., 264 Heaton, Tom, 163, 174, 18~190, 193 Heisenberg, Werner, 236 340 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222, 227 Helicases, 111, 117, 120, 122 Helioseismology, 4 agenda, 14 network, ~5, 9, 14, 15-18 see also Solar/sun Helium-3, 22 Helium4, 22 Hemoglobins, 295 Hendrickson, Wayne, 308 Hess, Paul, 148 Higgs, Peter W., 249 Higgs particle, 249-251, 252, 253, 256-257 Himalayas, 137 HIV acute phase of infection, 83-84 assembly of components, 79-81 asymptomatic phase of infection, 84-85, 92, 94, 96 body fluids containing, 83 culture conditions and behavior of, 87 early stages of infection, 83 ens gene, 78 gag gene, 78, 80 genetic complexity, 77-79 immune response to, 62-63, 84, 87 infection process, 71-72, 76-77, 81-85, 87-88 life cycle, 7~75 mutability, 90, 92 natural history, 60~61, 81, 88 pathogenicity, 79 pol gene, 78 protein synthesis and functions, 77, 78, 80, 8~87,90 receptor contact, 70~72, 90-91, 93 replication, 66, 7075, 79, 87, 92, 9~95 research goals and strategies, 73,77 routes of infection, 71-72, 76 shedding, 85 88 structure, 64 66, 78, 8~81, 86 87 switching from latent to active infection, 77, 78-79, 91, 95 target for infection, 69, 70, 71 transition to AIDS, 81-88 transmission modes, 81-84 uncoating process, 72-73, 93 U.S. incidence, 61 vaccines, 88-91, 92 vulnerability in air, 80~81 worldwide infections, 63 't Hooft, Gerard, 240, 250 Hopkins, Michael, 321 Hubble Space Telescope, 16 Huberman, Joel A., 110115 Huffman, Donald, 268, 274, 275, 276, 277 Hugo, Victor, 199 Hunziker, Heinrich, 267 Hurtwitz, Jerard, 108 Hut, Piet, 324, 325 Huth, John, 253 Hwang, Wen Liang, 225 l IBM Almaden Research Center, 39, 43, 260, 266, 273, 274, 275, 278, 284, 285 Zurich Research Laboratory, 37 Image compression, 227-228 encoding contours and textures, 233 processing, 219, 220, 223, 224 Imaging atoms, 38 circular dichromism, 302 solar, 9, 1~18 see also specific technologies Irrunune system elements, 6~69 enhancers, 92 HIV interaction with, 62~3, 8688 immunological memory, 89 response to infection, 67-70, 81, 291 Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... . ceuc~ne z~pper asparagine rule, 311-312 coiled coil, 301-302, 308-311 and gene regulation, 298-301 imaging, 302 synthesis, 302 Leukemia, 122 Levi, Barbara Goss, 30 Li, Joachim, 108, 114, 115, 116 Libbrecht, Ken, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 Ligase, 119, 121 Lindh, Al, 155, 165, 180, 181, 193 Lithium niobate, 317 Long-Duration Exposure Facility, 288 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 20 Lutz, Chris, 43 Lysozyme, 295, 296, 297 Lasers atomic manipulations with, 34- M 35, 56-58 biological applications, 56-58 chirp cooling, 49 cooling of atoms, 48-50, 51 cooling of ions, 50 interferometry, 55-56 molasses beams, 51-52, 53 polarizable molecules in, 316 317 and polystyrene spheres, 57 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 250 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 11 Laws of physics conservation of energy, 18 conservation of linear and angular momentum, 18-19 Lawson, Andrew, 164 Lay, Thorne, 162 Lederman, Leon, 245 Legionnaire's disease, 61 Leibacher, lohn, 5, 6, 8 Leighton, Robert, 5 Macrophages, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 86 Magnetic fields atom cooling, 49 atom trapping with, 52-53, 56 as earthquake precursors, 191 solar, 14, 15 Zeeman effect, 49, 50, 53 Magnetic resonance imaging, 222, 228 Magnetohydrodynamics, 16 Malin, Michael, 143-144, 147, 152 Mallat, Stephane, 219-220, 221, 224, 225, 232 Marder, Seth, 316-317 Marr, David, 209, 219, 231 Mars geologic history, 129 surface features, 124 Tharis Mons volcano, 141 Viking landings, 143 Mass extinctions, 323-325 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 147, 165, 209, 225, 301, 318, 321, 327 341 Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... , 30 protein structure, 304-307 schwarzite, 278 seismological, 162 solar, 3,4,5-6,10,11-12,13-15, 25-26,28 turbulence, 230 Molecular pliers, 274 Molina, Mario, 318-319 Mononucleosis, 83 Montanari, Alessandro, 324 Moon (Earth's) Apollo missions, 128 differentiation, 128 geologic activity, 128-129,152 surface features, 128,129 Morlet, lean, 210,211-212,215 Morrow, Cherilynn, 12 Moshary, Fred, 278 Mount Wilson, 5 Muons, 20 Music, 205,207,208,229-230,232 Myosin, 57 196 Microscope atomic force, 43~4 Nakata, T., 161 DNA studies, 104 Namiki, Noriyuki, 147 342 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 152 Goddard Space Flight Center, 13 Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 130-131 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 17 National Center for Atmospheric Research (Colorado) Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... intracellular, 67-68 immune response to, 69 protective / camouflage mechanisms, 69-70 see also Bacteria; HIV; Viruses Pauli, Wolfgang, 18, 19 Pauling, Linus, 301, 302-303 Peptides, 68, 90, 91 Perchloroethylene, 23, 24, 28 Peyers patches, 82 m-Phenylene, 318 Phillips, Roger, 134, 141, 143, 144, 147-148, 151 Phillips, William, 49 Phosphorylation, 114 Photomultiplier tubes, 20, 25, 31 Photons, cyclic absorption and reemission of, 48-49 Physics constants, checks of, 55 Nobel prize in, 38 origin of mass, 249, 256 see also Laws of physics principles of operation, 237, 239 Picard, Dominique, 224 Stanford Linear Collider, 239, 241, 242, 244, 247, 249 Stanford Positron-Electron Accelerating Ring, 244 Super Proton Synchrotron, 24~1 245 Superconducting Supercollider, 252, 253, 255-256 synchrotron radiation problems, 251-252 Tevatron, 251 Particle physics beta decay, 18, 19 electroweak theory, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 257 grand unified theories in, 30, 240, 314 Piezoelectricity, 36, 37 Pierce, John, 205-206 Planck's constant, 55 Planetary age estimation by crater counting, 129, 132-135 evolution, 128 formation, fullerenes, 287 heat dissipation and generation, 128-130 Planetesimals, 128 Plasma physics, 16 Plastic crystals, 273 Plate tectonics, 129-130, 131, 136, 139-140, 150, 160, 161, 172, 173-174, 193 343 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... A POSITRON NAMED PRISCILLA Platinum, 41 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 62 Pockets effect, 316, 317 Poincare, Henri, 201 Polchinski, Joseph, 251 Polio, 61, 81 Polymer elasticity, 57 Polymerases, 111, 117, 119, 120, 121 Polymerization reactions, 119 Polypeptides, 115-116 Polystyrene spheres, lasing, 56 Pomerantz, Martin, 13 Pontecorvo, Bruno, 23, 30 Positrons, 22, 45-46, 237, 244, 250 Potassium, 280-282 Primase, 111, 120 Princeton University, 326 Priscilla Positron, 45-46, 50 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, 111 Protease, 78, 80 Proteins accessory, for DNA replication, 116-122 alpha helices, 298-303 amino acid sequence, 292-293, 296, 304 anatomy of, 292 C-EBP, 300 cancer diagnostic system, 314 cell-free extracts, 108 cell regulatory, 103 coiled coil, 301, 303, 308-311, 313 core, 297, 298 crystallization for analysis, 294, 304, 308 defects, 290 designing, 291, 297-298 dna A, 110, 111, 116 DNA-binding, 300 DNA coding and manufacture of, 75-76 DNA initiator, 105, 108, 110, 111, 113 electron density data, 304-305 344 folding, 292-294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 308-311, 312 fos, 300 helix destabilizing, 117 HIV synthesis and assembly of, 78-79, 80 jun, 300 leucine zipper, 298-304, 308 manipulation of, 290-291 myc, 300 Nef, 79, 87 NMR analysis, 292, 293, 294295, 303, 307 nuclear, 106 once-, 108 properties, 292 rep, 120 regulatory, 103, 298-301 replication, 111 Rev, 79, 94 single-stranded DNA-binding, 117,120 stability of, 295-297 structure predictions from sequence, 312-314 superstable, 297-298 Tat, 78-79, 86-87, 94 three-dimensional structure, 291-292, 293 x-ray crystallography, 292, 293294, 296, 302-308 Protons, 21, 22, 252 Proto-oncogenes, 300 Puerto Rico, 127 Pyroxene, 128 Q Quantum chromodynamics, 46 Quantum-confined semiconductors, 321-323 Quantum dots, 323 Quantum electrodynamics, 46, 55, 240 Quantum mechanics, 46, 55, 56, 204, 210, 220, 236, 240, 246 Quantum wells, 323 Quantum wires, 323 Quarks, 46, 252 bottom, 245, 248 charm, 241, 242, 245, 254 detector requirements, 254 down, 241 electric charge, 239 masses, 250 number of families, 247, 250 strange, 241, 245 top, 245, 248, 253, 256, 257 up, 241 Quate, Calvin, 38, 43, 45 Quills, 302-303 R Radio frequency currents, 191 Radiocarbon dating, 171, 172 Radiometric dating, 170, 171 Raman spectroscopy, 269, 270-271, 279 Raubertas, Richard, 134 Reed, Mark A., 284 Regis Chemical Company, 276 Reid, Harry Fielding, 161, 173 Reines, Frederick, 20 Replication factor c, 111 Research Corporation Technologies, 276, 285 Reverse transcriptase, 74, 76, 78, 80,81,90,93,94 Reverse transcription, 76-77, 81 Reynolds number for atmospheric interactions, 230 Rhodes, Edward, 10 Ribonuclease, 292-293 Rice, km, 187 Rice University, 264, 283, 286 Richter, Burton, 241, 242 Richter, Charles F., 158 RNA central dogma, 75-76 HIV, 80-81 primer,ll8, 119, 120 Rocket propellant, 285-286 Rohrer, Heinrich, 37-38 Rokhlin, Vladimir, 228-229 Rosen, Hal J., 271 Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... INDEX Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 114 Rousseau, lean Jacques, 229-230 Rubbia, Carlo, 245, 253, 254 Rubidium, 282 Russia Institute of Spectroscopy (Moscow) , 49 see also Soviet Saccharomyces cerevisiQe, 112, 113, 114 Sampling theorem, 205, 220 San Andreas fault, 154, 155 characteristic earthquake model applied to, 167 creeping section, 165 extent, 164 failure potential, 175, 183 history of earthquakes on, 170, 172, 176-177 Loma Prieta earthquake and motion on, 179 locked-up section, 165 offsets, 169-170, 174 probabilities of earthquakes on, 181 San Bernardino Mountains segment, 175 Santa Cruz segment, 180, 183 seismic cycle, 167-168 shear strain, 185 slip rates, 174, 179 San lacinto fault system, 181 Sandblow formations, 170 Savannah River reactor, 20 Scandium, 283, 284 Scanning tunneling microscope atomic switching application, 42-43 buckyball photograph, 269, 274, 275 features, 36-37 first, 37-38 imaging, 38-39, 40, 41 limitations of, 43~5 manipulation of atoms, 34, 40, 41, 56 precision of, 35-36, 44 45 principle, 36 problems, 38 tunneling current, 37 Schaber, Gerald, 132, 133-134, 135, 143, 144, 149, 151 Schawlow, Arthur, 51 Scholz, Chris, 180, 186 Schroedinger, Erwin, 236 Schwarzite, 278-279 Scripps Research Institute, 297 Segall, Paul, 166 Segre, Emilio, 244 Seismic cycle, 168, 182-183 tomography, 162 waves, 162, 163, 179 Seismographs, 161, 162, 168 Seismography, 158 Seismology, 162 Seismometers, network, 191 Semiconductors, 260, 285 quantum-confined, 321-323 Shannon, Claude, 205, 220 Sheehan, Peter, 324 Shinomura, Katsumi, 320-321 Shungite, 287 Sibson, Rick, 186 Sickle cell anemia, 290 Sieh, Kerry, 169-172, 173-178, 179, 183, 193 Signal processing, 209, 210 Silvera, Isaac, 278 Simon, George, 5, 10 Sister chromatics, 102 Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 108 Smalley, Richard E., 264, 277, 286 Smallpox, 61 Smirnov, Alexi, 30 Smit, Jan, 324 Smith, Paul J., 106, 107 Smrekar, Suzanne, 135, 138, 140 141, 145-146, 147-148, 152 Sodium atoms, 48-50, 54 Solar/sun acoustic waves, 3-12, 13-18, 26 astronomy, 3, 9 boron reactions, 22, 23, 25 convection cells, 3, 4, 16 convection zone, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26 core, 13, 18, 26, 28 coronal holes, 3 cycle, 14, 15, 26, 319 Doppler shifts, 5, 9, 15-16, 17 f-modes, 6 flares, 3, 14 flux tubes, 14 fusion reactions, 4 g-modes, 6, 18 granules, 5 helium production, 22, 25 imaging, 9, 15-18 inner rotation, 4, 11-12, 13, 16, 26 magnetic fields, 14, 15 modeling and computer simulations, 3, 4, 5-6, 10, 1112, 13-15, 25-26, 28 neutrinos, 18-21, 22, 23-30 opacity, 11, 14 p-modes, 6, 8, 10, 14 power source, 21-23, 240 prominences, 3 radiative transfer, 16 spectral measurements, 5 speed of sound in, 11, 26 spots, 2, 14 surface, 3, 6, 7 telescopes, 5 temperatures, 7, 14, 25, 28 turbulent convection, 7 see also Helioseismology Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 17 Solomon, Sean, 147 Sound waves, 203-204, 205 Soviet-American Gallium Experiment, 27 Soviet Union Veneras missions, 127, 130, 131 wavelet analysis, 229 Space exploration Apollo missions, 128 Magellan, 125-126, 131-132, 345 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... , 9 British Columbia, 326 California at Berkeley, 108, 114, 163, 166, 171, 224, 244, 254, 274,291,324 California at Irvine, 58 California at Los Ar~geles, 5, 259, 281, 282, 284, 285-286, 312 California at San Francisco, 114, 306 California at Santa Barbara, 112, 259 California at Santa Cruz, 155, 162, 165 Chicago, 219, 326 Colorado, 12, 226 Edinburgh, 249 Illinois at Urbana, 219, 276 Nevada at Reno, 188 Nijmegen, 267 Oregon, 295 Paris-Dauphine, 196 Paris-Jussieu, 224 Pennsylvania, 23, 219 Picardy, 234 Rochester, 134 South Carolina, 225 Southern California, 10 Sussex, 264, 271, 286 Texas, 251 Utah, 290-291, 298, 314 Washington, 45, 171 U.S. Geological Survey, 132, 155, 163, 165, 168, 179, 182, 183, 191, 193 V Vaccines BCG, 91 development approaches, 90, 91 HIV, 89-91 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... INDEX and immunological memory, 89 polio, 89 viral mutability and, 90-91, 92 Vahala, Kerry, 323 Valine, 310 Van der Waals force, 39 Van Wyck, Chris, 326 Veltman, Martinus, 250 Venice (floods) , 207 Venus Aphrodite Terra, 130, 132, 136, 142, 148, 149 apparent depth of compensation, 136-137, 140, 148, 149 atmosphere, 126, 127, 130, 132 Beta Regio, 144, 148 Cleopatra crater, 146-147 clouds, 126-127 coronae, 125-126, 139-140, 142, 144 crater controversy, 131-135, 150, 152 144-147, 148-149 distributed deformation hypothesis, 149-151 Eistla Regio, 141-142, 149, 151 fractures, 139, 144 geologic activity, 130, 131, 132 133, 139-140, 142-143 global resurfacing model, 132 135, 138, 151 gravity anomalies, 142, 148 gravity map, 136, 137, 141 heat transfers, 137, 138-139 "hibernating Venus," hypothesis, 151 hot spots, 147-148 hypsometric profile, 131 Ishtar Terra, 130, 136, 142 isostatic compensations, 141 landslides, 147 Lavinia Planitia, 136, 150 lithosphere, 131, 137, 138-138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149 150, 151, 152 lithospheric recycling, 139-140 Magellan exploration of, 125, 130-131, 134, 135, 142-143, 144,148,150 mantle convection, 141 Maxwell Montes, 145-146, 147, 152 naming of features, 152 orbit, 152 pressures, 127 quakes, 147 residuum layer, 147-148 River Styx, 126 RMS slope map, 144-145 runaway greenhouse heating, 142 seismic lander, 152 size, mass, and composition, 126, 127 Soviet exploration of, 127, 130, 131, 132 surface features, 125, 127, 130, 131, 141-142 tectonic activity, 143-147, 148, temperatures, 127, 138 terrain classes, 149 tesserae, 125, 145 volcanism, 140-143, 148 winds, 127 Vibrio harveyi, 110 Viruses assembly of components, 79-80 DNA replication, 108, 111, 114 interaction with host cell receptors, 71 interior probes, 135-138 genetic complexity, 99 replication, 67, 72, 73, 75, 105 retroviruses, 76, 78, 79-80; see also HIV structure, 63-64, 73 T4 lysozyme, 295 violation of central dogma, 7677 Vogelstein, Bert, 314 Volcanoes / volcanism coronae, 142 hot spot, 141 lunar, 129 mega-eruption, 132 Venusian, 125, 131, 141-143, 148 von Weizsacker, Carl, 21 VP-16 W W particles, 243, 244, 245, 250, 253, 254 Wallace, Robert, 164, 173-174, 178 Wallace Creek offsets, 174 Washington University, 134, 223 Watson, James, 98, 293, 305 Waveform dictionaries, 232 Wavelet analysis algorithmic compression, 228 algorithms for calculation of coefficients, 220 applications, 197, 213, 220, 222223 in astronomy, 222-223 basis, 224 coefficient calculations, 211-212 230 compact support, 220, 221 comparison of coefficients at different resolutions, 223 continuous representations, 215, 217, 225, 229 cross-disciplinary nature of, 210 Daubechies wavelet, 215, 221 fingerprint compression, 231 goals of analysis, 211 Harr function and, 218 and Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222 history of, 198, 209-211 in image processing, 219, 220, 222, 224 imprecision about frequency, 222 information compression with, 213, 217, 226-228, 229, 231232 interpretation problems, 225226 limitations of, 231 Matching Pursuits systems, 232-233 maxima, 225 347 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... H C., 320 Whitehead Institute, 298 Wickerhauser, Victor, 196, 223, 231, 232 Wilkerson, John, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,30,31 Wilson, Kenneth, 209 Wilson, Robert, 274 Wolfenstein, Lincoln, 30 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 180, 183 X X-ray crystallography, 274, 292, 293-294, 296, 303-305, 306, 307, 308, 310 Xenon, 39, 40, 41 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 122 y Yale University, 196, 228, 232, 284 Yannoni, Costantino, 273, 274 Yeasts, 99, 103, 111-114, 115-116, 120-121, 122 Yttrium, 283 z Z particle, 240, 241, 243-248, 251, 253, 254 Zeeman effect, 49, 50, 53 Zeolites, 43 Zhang, Xue-Jun, 296 Zhang, Zhifeng, 224, 232 Zirconium, 283 Zoback, Mark, 185 Zweig, George, 239 Read the entire page →

From page 335...

... XA Aarhus University (Denmark) , 12 Accelerators; see Particle accelerators Acetylene, 261 Acridines, 107 Ad am antane, 2 73 Adenosine triphosphate, 113 Adriamycin, 107 Aerodynamics, 228 Agnew, D.C., 161, 163, 168, 179 AIDS AZT and, 93, 94, 96 cases by exposure group, 84 cases worldwide, 61, 62 drug treatments, 91-97 epidemic, 60 HIV progression to, 81-88 opportunistic infections, 6162, 93-94, 95, 96 prevention, 97 related conditions, 62 research goals, 63 surveillance case definition, 64, 85 T-cell mystery, 85-88 see also HIV Airy, George, 136-137 Alanine, 296 Alber, Tom, 290-293, 295, 296-297, 298, 301-305, 308, 309-310, 311, 312-314 Alberts, Bruce, 114, 115, 116 Albrecht, Thomas, 43 Alvarez, Walter, 324 American Physical Society, 34 Amino acids, 75, 292, 293; see also Proteins; individual amino acids Amsacrine, 107 Anderson, Carl, 236-237, 244 Anfinsen, Christian, 292-293 Anthracyclines, 107 Anthraquinones, 107 Antibodies, 67-68, 72, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 113, 291 Antimatter, 244 Antineutrino, 19 Antiprotons, 244, 245 Arecibo Observatory, 127 Argon, 23 Arizona State University, 135 Arneodo, Alain, 223 Artificial metals, 280-281 Arvidson, Ray, 148 AshLin, Arthur, 57 Astrid Ion, 50 ATCase, 292, 313 Atoms/atomic behavior in small groups, 40 biological applications of manipulation techniques, 5658 Bose condensation, 56 clock, 55, 58 Doppler shifts, 48-49 electrical properties, 51-52 force microscope, 43 fountain, 53-54, 55 funnel, 53-54 image, 38 laser cooling of, 48-50, 51 photon absorption, 51 standards for measurement, 5556 surface, 35-36, 39-40 switching, 42-43 syncytia and, 86 trapping, 51-53 at ultralow temperatures, 54, 55-56, 58 wave properties, 55-56 xenon, 39-40, 42 AT&T Bell Laboratories, 51, 52, 57, 205, 217, 273, 280, 281, 321 322, 326 335

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From page 336...

... attempted synthesis, 263 bond lengths, 274 cesium-d op e d, 282 chromatography column, 276 commercial importance, 258 259, 275-277 compression effects, 278-279 diameter, 274 discovery, 258 infrared analyses, 277 insulating properties, 280 ionized, 287 magnets, 285 mass spectral analyses, 277 name, 265-266 NMR testing, 269, 271-273 optical properties, 285 phase transition, 274 photographing, 269, 274-275 polymers, 285 potassium-doped, 280-282 production and trapping of, 266-269, 275-277 Raman spectrum, 269, 270-271, 279 rocket propellant from, 285-286 rubidium-doped, 282 solid-state spin, 273-274 in shungite, 287 strength, 285-286 structure, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 271 superconductivity, 280-282 uses, 279-286 vibrational frequencies, 270-271 x-ray crystrallography, 274, 277 Buckyclutcher I, 276 Buckyonions, 278 Buckytubes, 277-278 Byerlee, lames, 187 C Calcium, 283 California, 16 earthquake probabilities, 180 181 seismicity, 163-164, 177, 178, 187 see also Earthquakes; San Andreas Fault California Institute of Technology, 5, 7, 12, 171, 238, 317, 322 let Propulsion Laboratory, 135, 316-317 Cambridge University, 4 Canada, 30 Canary Islands, 16 Cancer breast, 107 colon, 314 defined, 106 drug development approaches, 106-107 onco-proteins, 108 protein diagnostic, 314 skin, 122 Carbon chains in outer space, 286-287 crystalline forms, 258, 261-262, 277 fiber technology, 278 reactivity, 265 versatility, 261 See also Buckminsterfullerenes; Fullerenes Carbon, John, 112 Carbon dioxide, 44, 126, 171 Carbon monoxide, 41, 44 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 147, 298-299 Carnegie-Mellon University, 30 Carr, Chavela, 311 Catalysts, 44, 292 Cavendish laboratory (Great Britain) , 18 ccc-2 kinase, 103 Cells catalyst, 292 cycle, 99, 100-103, 104, 111, 114, 115

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From page 337...

... A M., 236, 240, 249 Dirichlet, Peter, 200 DNA antisense, 94-95 discovery, 98, 293 laser manipulation of, 57 ligase, 119, 121 polymerase I, 119, 121 polymerase III holoenzyme, 119, 120, 121 proliferation in cancer cells, 99 recombinant, 110, 293, 296 repair, 101, 121-122 structure, 98, 104, 120, 293, 298 synthesis, 101, 10~105 topoisomerases, 106-107, 120121 transcription, 121 DNA replication accessory proteins, 116-122 autonomously replicating sequences, 112 bacterial, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120 121 cell cycle and, 99, 100-103, 104 105, 108, 111, 114, 115 Central Dogma, 75-76 deletion analysis, 112-113 error correction, 121-122 fork, 117-119 in fruit flies, 112 implications of research findings on, 113-116 initiator proteins, 105, 108, 110, 111-114 lagging and leading strands, 117-120 origin recognition complex, 111, 113, 115 ligation, 118 multiprotein initiation factor, 111, 116 Okazaki fragment, 118, 119, 120 order of, 116-117 origin recognition complex, 113, 115 - 116 primosome complex, 120 replicator, 105, 108, 111 Replicon model of duplication, 105 replisome, 111, 120 supercoiling, 120 SV40, 105, 108-109 337

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From page 338...

... , 154, 161, 174,190 seismic paths, 163 shallow-focus, 164 slipping friction and, 188 Southern California (1812) , 176 177 stress released during, 184 "The Big One," 155, 156, 168, 174, 177-178, 192-193 tree ring dating of, 176-177 Ecole Normale Superieure, 210 Ecole Polytechnique, 209, 210, 219 Eddington, Arthur, 21 Edison, Thomas, 232 Eigler, Don, 39 Einstein's theory of general relativity, 5, 13, 55, 240, 243 Einsweiler, Kevin, 250 Eisenberg, David, 312-314 E1 Nino, 222 Electric fields, 56 Electrical resistivity, 191 Electromagnetic waves, 204 Electrons charge on, 55, 236 mass, 249-250 neutrino, 20, 22, 23, 30, 31 radius, 55 shared, 40 subquark structure, 58; see also Quarks Nlan der Waals force, 39-40 wave properties, 56 Ellsworth, W

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From page 339...

... , 112 Fuller, R Buckminster, 259, 265 Fullerenes, 43; see also Buckminsterfullerenes applications, 259-260, 276, 278, 284-285 C70, 259, 260, 266, 267, 269, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284-285, 287 diamond films from, 284-285 discovery, 263-269, 286 formation mechanisms, 272-273 metallo-, 260, 282-284, 285, 287 nonfullerene, 277-279 in outer space, 286-288 predicted discovery of, 262, 263 products, 276 properties, 260 sources and abundance, 259, 263 structure, 260, 263, 266, 275 superconductors, 283 Fullerite, 273 Fusion reaction, 21 G g-factor, 45-46 Galileo, 2-3 Gallium neurino detector, 27-28, 29 Gamma rays, 22 Gell-Mann, Murray, 238-242 Genes APC, 314 DNA recognition, 114-115 DNA repair, 122 reaulation of 298-301 code, 98; see also DNA defects, 290 Genetics experimental approaches to study of, 99 HIV, 77-79, 80 Germanium neutrino detector, 27, 28 Gilbert,G.K., 161, 169, 190 Glaser, Donald, 254 Glashow, Sheldon, 240, 241, 245 339

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From page 340...

... A POSITRON NAMED PRISCILLA Global Oscillation Network Group, 15 Gluons, 46, 252 Glycoproteins, 6065, 78, 80, 81, 86, 90 Cough, Douglas, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18,25,26 Granuloma, 91 Graphite, 261-263, 264-265, 267268, 277, 278 Gravity acceleration of, 56 anomalies, 136-137 Fourier analysis applied to, 207 Higgs particle and, 250 Newton's differential equations, 199-200 Venus PVO data, 141 Great Britain, 18, 30 Grimm, Robert, 135, 140-141, 144, 147-148, 149, 150-151 Grossmann, Alex, 209, 210-211, 216,217,220,224,226,228, 229, 233 Gyrase, 121 H Hafnium, 283 Hansch, Ted, 51 Harbury, Pehr, 308-310, 312 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 5 Harvard University, 245, 278 Harvey, John, 13 Hassen, Chuck, 276 Hawaii, 16, 141 Hawaiian swell, 137 Hawkins, Joel, 274 Hayward fault system, 181 He, Zheng-Xu, 321 Head, James, 131-132, 143 Healy, Dennis, Jr., 222, 228 Heath, lames R., 264 Heaton, Tom, 163, 174, 18~190, 193 Heisenberg, Werner, 236 340 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222, 227 Helicases, 111, 117, 120, 122 Helioseismology, 4 agenda, 14 network, ~5, 9, 14, 15-18 see also Solar/sun Helium-3, 22 Helium4, 22 Hemoglobins, 295 Hendrickson, Wayne, 308 Hess, Paul, 148 Higgs, Peter W., 249 Higgs particle, 249-251, 252, 253, 256-257 Himalayas, 137 HIV acute phase of infection, 83-84 assembly of components, 79-81 asymptomatic phase of infection, 84-85, 92, 94, 96 body fluids containing, 83 culture conditions and behavior of, 87 early stages of infection, 83 ens gene, 78 gag gene, 78, 80 genetic complexity, 77-79 immune response to, 62-63, 84, 87 infection process, 71-72, 76-77, 81-85, 87-88 life cycle, 7~75 mutability, 90, 92 natural history, 60~61, 81, 88 pathogenicity, 79 pol gene, 78 protein synthesis and functions, 77, 78, 80, 8~87,90 receptor contact, 70~72, 90-91, 93 replication, 66, 7075, 79, 87, 92, 9~95 research goals and strategies, 73,77 routes of infection, 71-72, 76 shedding, 85 88 structure, 64 66, 78, 8~81, 86 87 switching from latent to active infection, 77, 78-79, 91, 95 target for infection, 69, 70, 71 transition to AIDS, 81-88 transmission modes, 81-84 uncoating process, 72-73, 93 U.S. incidence, 61 vaccines, 88-91, 92 vulnerability in air, 80~81 worldwide infections, 63 't Hooft, Gerard, 240, 250 Hopkins, Michael, 321 Hubble Space Telescope, 16 Huberman, Joel A., 110115 Huffman, Donald, 268, 274, 275, 276, 277 Hugo, Victor, 199 Hunziker, Heinrich, 267 Hurtwitz, Jerard, 108 Hut, Piet, 324, 325 Huth, John, 253 Hwang, Wen Liang, 225 l IBM Almaden Research Center, 39, 43, 260, 266, 273, 274, 275, 278, 284, 285 Zurich Research Laboratory, 37 Image compression, 227-228 encoding contours and textures, 233 processing, 219, 220, 223, 224 Imaging atoms, 38 circular dichromism, 302 solar, 9, 1~18 see also specific technologies Irrunune system elements, 6~69 enhancers, 92 HIV interaction with, 62~3, 8688 immunological memory, 89 response to infection, 67-70, 81, 291

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From page 341...

... . ceuc~ne z~pper asparagine rule, 311-312 coiled coil, 301-302, 308-311 and gene regulation, 298-301 imaging, 302 synthesis, 302 Leukemia, 122 Levi, Barbara Goss, 30 Li, Joachim, 108, 114, 115, 116 Libbrecht, Ken, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 Ligase, 119, 121 Lindh, Al, 155, 165, 180, 181, 193 Lithium niobate, 317 Long-Duration Exposure Facility, 288 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 20 Lutz, Chris, 43 Lysozyme, 295, 296, 297 Lasers atomic manipulations with, 34- M 35, 56-58 biological applications, 56-58 chirp cooling, 49 cooling of atoms, 48-50, 51 cooling of ions, 50 interferometry, 55-56 molasses beams, 51-52, 53 polarizable molecules in, 316 317 and polystyrene spheres, 57 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 250 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 11 Laws of physics conservation of energy, 18 conservation of linear and angular momentum, 18-19 Lawson, Andrew, 164 Lay, Thorne, 162 Lederman, Leon, 245 Legionnaire's disease, 61 Leibacher, lohn, 5, 6, 8 Leighton, Robert, 5 Macrophages, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 86 Magnetic fields atom cooling, 49 atom trapping with, 52-53, 56 as earthquake precursors, 191 solar, 14, 15 Zeeman effect, 49, 50, 53 Magnetic resonance imaging, 222, 228 Magnetohydrodynamics, 16 Malin, Michael, 143-144, 147, 152 Mallat, Stephane, 219-220, 221, 224, 225, 232 Marder, Seth, 316-317 Marr, David, 209, 219, 231 Mars geologic history, 129 surface features, 124 Tharis Mons volcano, 141 Viking landings, 143 Mass extinctions, 323-325 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 147, 165, 209, 225, 301, 318, 321, 327 341

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From page 342...

... , 30 protein structure, 304-307 schwarzite, 278 seismological, 162 solar, 3,4,5-6,10,11-12,13-15, 25-26,28 turbulence, 230 Molecular pliers, 274 Molina, Mario, 318-319 Mononucleosis, 83 Montanari, Alessandro, 324 Moon (Earth's) Apollo missions, 128 differentiation, 128 geologic activity, 128-129,152 surface features, 128,129 Morlet, lean, 210,211-212,215 Morrow, Cherilynn, 12 Moshary, Fred, 278 Mount Wilson, 5 Muons, 20 Music, 205,207,208,229-230,232 Myosin, 57 196 Microscope atomic force, 43~4 Nakata, T., 161 DNA studies, 104 Namiki, Noriyuki, 147 342 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 152 Goddard Space Flight Center, 13 Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 130-131 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 17 National Center for Atmospheric Research (Colorado)

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From page 343...

... intracellular, 67-68 immune response to, 69 protective / camouflage mechanisms, 69-70 see also Bacteria; HIV; Viruses Pauli, Wolfgang, 18, 19 Pauling, Linus, 301, 302-303 Peptides, 68, 90, 91 Perchloroethylene, 23, 24, 28 Peyers patches, 82 m-Phenylene, 318 Phillips, Roger, 134, 141, 143, 144, 147-148, 151 Phillips, William, 49 Phosphorylation, 114 Photomultiplier tubes, 20, 25, 31 Photons, cyclic absorption and reemission of, 48-49 Physics constants, checks of, 55 Nobel prize in, 38 origin of mass, 249, 256 see also Laws of physics principles of operation, 237, 239 Picard, Dominique, 224 Stanford Linear Collider, 239, 241, 242, 244, 247, 249 Stanford Positron-Electron Accelerating Ring, 244 Super Proton Synchrotron, 24~1 245 Superconducting Supercollider, 252, 253, 255-256 synchrotron radiation problems, 251-252 Tevatron, 251 Particle physics beta decay, 18, 19 electroweak theory, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 257 grand unified theories in, 30, 240, 314 Piezoelectricity, 36, 37 Pierce, John, 205-206 Planck's constant, 55 Planetary age estimation by crater counting, 129, 132-135 evolution, 128 formation, fullerenes, 287 heat dissipation and generation, 128-130 Planetesimals, 128 Plasma physics, 16 Plastic crystals, 273 Plate tectonics, 129-130, 131, 136, 139-140, 150, 160, 161, 172, 173-174, 193 343

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From page 344...

... A POSITRON NAMED PRISCILLA Platinum, 41 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 62 Pockets effect, 316, 317 Poincare, Henri, 201 Polchinski, Joseph, 251 Polio, 61, 81 Polymer elasticity, 57 Polymerases, 111, 117, 119, 120, 121 Polymerization reactions, 119 Polypeptides, 115-116 Polystyrene spheres, lasing, 56 Pomerantz, Martin, 13 Pontecorvo, Bruno, 23, 30 Positrons, 22, 45-46, 237, 244, 250 Potassium, 280-282 Primase, 111, 120 Princeton University, 326 Priscilla Positron, 45-46, 50 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, 111 Protease, 78, 80 Proteins accessory, for DNA replication, 116-122 alpha helices, 298-303 amino acid sequence, 292-293, 296, 304 anatomy of, 292 C-EBP, 300 cancer diagnostic system, 314 cell-free extracts, 108 cell regulatory, 103 coiled coil, 301, 303, 308-311, 313 core, 297, 298 crystallization for analysis, 294, 304, 308 defects, 290 designing, 291, 297-298 dna A, 110, 111, 116 DNA-binding, 300 DNA coding and manufacture of, 75-76 DNA initiator, 105, 108, 110, 111, 113 electron density data, 304-305 344 folding, 292-294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 308-311, 312 fos, 300 helix destabilizing, 117 HIV synthesis and assembly of, 78-79, 80 jun, 300 leucine zipper, 298-304, 308 manipulation of, 290-291 myc, 300 Nef, 79, 87 NMR analysis, 292, 293, 294295, 303, 307 nuclear, 106 once-, 108 properties, 292 rep, 120 regulatory, 103, 298-301 replication, 111 Rev, 79, 94 single-stranded DNA-binding, 117,120 stability of, 295-297 structure predictions from sequence, 312-314 superstable, 297-298 Tat, 78-79, 86-87, 94 three-dimensional structure, 291-292, 293 x-ray crystallography, 292, 293294, 296, 302-308 Protons, 21, 22, 252 Proto-oncogenes, 300 Puerto Rico, 127 Pyroxene, 128 Q Quantum chromodynamics, 46 Quantum-confined semiconductors, 321-323 Quantum dots, 323 Quantum electrodynamics, 46, 55, 240 Quantum mechanics, 46, 55, 56, 204, 210, 220, 236, 240, 246 Quantum wells, 323 Quantum wires, 323 Quarks, 46, 252 bottom, 245, 248 charm, 241, 242, 245, 254 detector requirements, 254 down, 241 electric charge, 239 masses, 250 number of families, 247, 250 strange, 241, 245 top, 245, 248, 253, 256, 257 up, 241 Quate, Calvin, 38, 43, 45 Quills, 302-303 R Radio frequency currents, 191 Radiocarbon dating, 171, 172 Radiometric dating, 170, 171 Raman spectroscopy, 269, 270-271, 279 Raubertas, Richard, 134 Reed, Mark A., 284 Regis Chemical Company, 276 Reid, Harry Fielding, 161, 173 Reines, Frederick, 20 Replication factor c, 111 Research Corporation Technologies, 276, 285 Reverse transcriptase, 74, 76, 78, 80,81,90,93,94 Reverse transcription, 76-77, 81 Reynolds number for atmospheric interactions, 230 Rhodes, Edward, 10 Ribonuclease, 292-293 Rice, km, 187 Rice University, 264, 283, 286 Richter, Burton, 241, 242 Richter, Charles F., 158 RNA central dogma, 75-76 HIV, 80-81 primer,ll8, 119, 120 Rocket propellant, 285-286 Rohrer, Heinrich, 37-38 Rokhlin, Vladimir, 228-229 Rosen, Hal J., 271

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From page 345...

... INDEX Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 114 Rousseau, lean Jacques, 229-230 Rubbia, Carlo, 245, 253, 254 Rubidium, 282 Russia Institute of Spectroscopy (Moscow) , 49 see also Soviet Saccharomyces cerevisiQe, 112, 113, 114 Sampling theorem, 205, 220 San Andreas fault, 154, 155 characteristic earthquake model applied to, 167 creeping section, 165 extent, 164 failure potential, 175, 183 history of earthquakes on, 170, 172, 176-177 Loma Prieta earthquake and motion on, 179 locked-up section, 165 offsets, 169-170, 174 probabilities of earthquakes on, 181 San Bernardino Mountains segment, 175 Santa Cruz segment, 180, 183 seismic cycle, 167-168 shear strain, 185 slip rates, 174, 179 San lacinto fault system, 181 Sandblow formations, 170 Savannah River reactor, 20 Scandium, 283, 284 Scanning tunneling microscope atomic switching application, 42-43 buckyball photograph, 269, 274, 275 features, 36-37 first, 37-38 imaging, 38-39, 40, 41 limitations of, 43~5 manipulation of atoms, 34, 40, 41, 56 precision of, 35-36, 44 45 principle, 36 problems, 38 tunneling current, 37 Schaber, Gerald, 132, 133-134, 135, 143, 144, 149, 151 Schawlow, Arthur, 51 Scholz, Chris, 180, 186 Schroedinger, Erwin, 236 Schwarzite, 278-279 Scripps Research Institute, 297 Segall, Paul, 166 Segre, Emilio, 244 Seismic cycle, 168, 182-183 tomography, 162 waves, 162, 163, 179 Seismographs, 161, 162, 168 Seismography, 158 Seismology, 162 Seismometers, network, 191 Semiconductors, 260, 285 quantum-confined, 321-323 Shannon, Claude, 205, 220 Sheehan, Peter, 324 Shinomura, Katsumi, 320-321 Shungite, 287 Sibson, Rick, 186 Sickle cell anemia, 290 Sieh, Kerry, 169-172, 173-178, 179, 183, 193 Signal processing, 209, 210 Silvera, Isaac, 278 Simon, George, 5, 10 Sister chromatics, 102 Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 108 Smalley, Richard E., 264, 277, 286 Smallpox, 61 Smirnov, Alexi, 30 Smit, Jan, 324 Smith, Paul J., 106, 107 Smrekar, Suzanne, 135, 138, 140 141, 145-146, 147-148, 152 Sodium atoms, 48-50, 54 Solar/sun acoustic waves, 3-12, 13-18, 26 astronomy, 3, 9 boron reactions, 22, 23, 25 convection cells, 3, 4, 16 convection zone, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26 core, 13, 18, 26, 28 coronal holes, 3 cycle, 14, 15, 26, 319 Doppler shifts, 5, 9, 15-16, 17 f-modes, 6 flares, 3, 14 flux tubes, 14 fusion reactions, 4 g-modes, 6, 18 granules, 5 helium production, 22, 25 imaging, 9, 15-18 inner rotation, 4, 11-12, 13, 16, 26 magnetic fields, 14, 15 modeling and computer simulations, 3, 4, 5-6, 10, 1112, 13-15, 25-26, 28 neutrinos, 18-21, 22, 23-30 opacity, 11, 14 p-modes, 6, 8, 10, 14 power source, 21-23, 240 prominences, 3 radiative transfer, 16 spectral measurements, 5 speed of sound in, 11, 26 spots, 2, 14 surface, 3, 6, 7 telescopes, 5 temperatures, 7, 14, 25, 28 turbulent convection, 7 see also Helioseismology Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 17 Solomon, Sean, 147 Sound waves, 203-204, 205 Soviet-American Gallium Experiment, 27 Soviet Union Veneras missions, 127, 130, 131 wavelet analysis, 229 Space exploration Apollo missions, 128 Magellan, 125-126, 131-132, 345

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From page 346...

... , 9 British Columbia, 326 California at Berkeley, 108, 114, 163, 166, 171, 224, 244, 254, 274,291,324 California at Irvine, 58 California at Los Ar~geles, 5, 259, 281, 282, 284, 285-286, 312 California at San Francisco, 114, 306 California at Santa Barbara, 112, 259 California at Santa Cruz, 155, 162, 165 Chicago, 219, 326 Colorado, 12, 226 Edinburgh, 249 Illinois at Urbana, 219, 276 Nevada at Reno, 188 Nijmegen, 267 Oregon, 295 Paris-Dauphine, 196 Paris-Jussieu, 224 Pennsylvania, 23, 219 Picardy, 234 Rochester, 134 South Carolina, 225 Southern California, 10 Sussex, 264, 271, 286 Texas, 251 Utah, 290-291, 298, 314 Washington, 45, 171 U.S. Geological Survey, 132, 155, 163, 165, 168, 179, 182, 183, 191, 193 V Vaccines BCG, 91 development approaches, 90, 91 HIV, 89-91

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From page 347...

... INDEX and immunological memory, 89 polio, 89 viral mutability and, 90-91, 92 Vahala, Kerry, 323 Valine, 310 Van der Waals force, 39 Van Wyck, Chris, 326 Veltman, Martinus, 250 Venice (floods) , 207 Venus Aphrodite Terra, 130, 132, 136, 142, 148, 149 apparent depth of compensation, 136-137, 140, 148, 149 atmosphere, 126, 127, 130, 132 Beta Regio, 144, 148 Cleopatra crater, 146-147 clouds, 126-127 coronae, 125-126, 139-140, 142, 144 crater controversy, 131-135, 150, 152 144-147, 148-149 distributed deformation hypothesis, 149-151 Eistla Regio, 141-142, 149, 151 fractures, 139, 144 geologic activity, 130, 131, 132 133, 139-140, 142-143 global resurfacing model, 132 135, 138, 151 gravity anomalies, 142, 148 gravity map, 136, 137, 141 heat transfers, 137, 138-139 "hibernating Venus," hypothesis, 151 hot spots, 147-148 hypsometric profile, 131 Ishtar Terra, 130, 136, 142 isostatic compensations, 141 landslides, 147 Lavinia Planitia, 136, 150 lithosphere, 131, 137, 138-138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149 150, 151, 152 lithospheric recycling, 139-140 Magellan exploration of, 125, 130-131, 134, 135, 142-143, 144,148,150 mantle convection, 141 Maxwell Montes, 145-146, 147, 152 naming of features, 152 orbit, 152 pressures, 127 quakes, 147 residuum layer, 147-148 River Styx, 126 RMS slope map, 144-145 runaway greenhouse heating, 142 seismic lander, 152 size, mass, and composition, 126, 127 Soviet exploration of, 127, 130, 131, 132 surface features, 125, 127, 130, 131, 141-142 tectonic activity, 143-147, 148, temperatures, 127, 138 terrain classes, 149 tesserae, 125, 145 volcanism, 140-143, 148 winds, 127 Vibrio harveyi, 110 Viruses assembly of components, 79-80 DNA replication, 108, 111, 114 interaction with host cell receptors, 71 interior probes, 135-138 genetic complexity, 99 replication, 67, 72, 73, 75, 105 retroviruses, 76, 78, 79-80; see also HIV structure, 63-64, 73 T4 lysozyme, 295 violation of central dogma, 7677 Vogelstein, Bert, 314 Volcanoes / volcanism coronae, 142 hot spot, 141 lunar, 129 mega-eruption, 132 Venusian, 125, 131, 141-143, 148 von Weizsacker, Carl, 21 VP-16 W W particles, 243, 244, 245, 250, 253, 254 Wallace, Robert, 164, 173-174, 178 Wallace Creek offsets, 174 Washington University, 134, 223 Watson, James, 98, 293, 305 Waveform dictionaries, 232 Wavelet analysis algorithmic compression, 228 algorithms for calculation of coefficients, 220 applications, 197, 213, 220, 222223 in astronomy, 222-223 basis, 224 coefficient calculations, 211-212 230 compact support, 220, 221 comparison of coefficients at different resolutions, 223 continuous representations, 215, 217, 225, 229 cross-disciplinary nature of, 210 Daubechies wavelet, 215, 221 fingerprint compression, 231 goals of analysis, 211 Harr function and, 218 and Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222 history of, 198, 209-211 in image processing, 219, 220, 222, 224 imprecision about frequency, 222 information compression with, 213, 217, 226-228, 229, 231232 interpretation problems, 225226 limitations of, 231 Matching Pursuits systems, 232-233 maxima, 225 347

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From page 348...

... H C., 320 Whitehead Institute, 298 Wickerhauser, Victor, 196, 223, 231, 232 Wilkerson, John, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,30,31 Wilson, Kenneth, 209 Wilson, Robert, 274 Wolfenstein, Lincoln, 30 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 180, 183 X X-ray crystallography, 274, 292, 293-294, 296, 303-305, 306, 307, 308, 310 Xenon, 39, 40, 41 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 122 y Yale University, 196, 228, 232, 284 Yannoni, Costantino, 273, 274 Yeasts, 99, 103, 111-114, 115-116, 120-121, 122 Yttrium, 283 z Z particle, 240, 241, 243-248, 251, 253, 254 Zeeman effect, 49, 50, 53 Zeolites, 43 Zhang, Xue-Jun, 296 Zhang, Zhifeng, 224, 232 Zirconium, 283 Zoback, Mark, 185 Zweig, George, 239

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Index Pages 335-348

Index
Pages 335-348