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From page 201... ... , 58, 71, 85 Apprenticeship, 31, 38-40, 67, 156-158 foreign comparisons, 38, 40, 66-67, 105-106, 107, 115 Apprenticeship 2000 initiative, 40 Area vocational schools, see Vocational-technical schools Armed Forces, see Military training 201 Articulation among programs, 96, 120121 Assessment, see Evaluation and assessment Assistance, see Federal funding Australia, 105, 107-108, 111-117 passim B Basic education, 2, 15, 16, 33, 36, 37, 52-54, 59, 60, 71-72, 161, 165166 evaluation of, 10, 89-90 Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, see Pell grants Benchmarking, 133, 135, 136 Best practices, 5-6, 8, 138 Britain, 108-110, 111, 113-114, 116 see also United Kingdom Budgets, see Federal funding Business Training International, 35 Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... , 55, 57, 86-87, 91, 92 Computer programming, 22, 23, 34 INDEX Contracting for training services, 145, 147-149, 166n from community colleges, 33-34, 41, 96 for dislocated workers, 61-62 by employers, 31, 33-34, 36, 41 federal, 9, 33, 36, 41 JTPA classes, 49, 57, 96, 97, 145 by military, 43 from proprietary schools, 36 Controlled experiments, 74-75 Cooperative education, 9, 67-68, 158 Coordination among programs, 95- 100, 120-121, 131, 166 Correspondence courses, 19, 154 Cosmetology, 34, 156 Counseling services, 37, 38, 54, 61 Creaming, 57, 76, 92, 102n, 134 Credentials, see Certification (workers) Curriculum development, 94-95, 140, 143n Customized training courses, 33, 36 D Default of student loans, 7, 14, 50, 92, 127, 154 proprietary school sector, 50, 63n Definitions of jobs and tasks, 23 of performance measures and standards, 133 of postsecondary education, 14- 15, 16 of training, 15, 16 Degrees, 15, 148 two-year programs, 33, 52, 76-80 Delaware, 36-37 Demand for workers, 2, 3, 28, 156 and educational levels, 24, 25 see also Skill requirements Demonstration projects apprenticeship, 9, 40, 157, 158 home health training, 85-86 institutional eligibility, 9, 155- 156 labor market structure, 10, 160 literacy in workplace, 42 skill standards, 139 Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... , 60, 61-62, 70, 82-84 Economic Opportunity Act, 88 Educational attainment, 1, 16- 17, 24 and skills improvement training, 68 and wages, 23, 24, 102n Employer involvement, 3, 6, 24, 65, 9395, 120, 127 foreign comparisons, 104- 111 see also Employer-provided training Employer-provided training, 13, 20-21, 25, 31, 40-42, 43, 81-82, 94, 160 apprenticeship, 31, 38, 39, 40, 158 contracted, 31, 33-34, 36, 41 foreign comparisons, 110- 111 formal, 18, 19, 20, 31, 40-41 informal, 17, 18, 19, 20, 31, 41 and job mobility, 21, 29n, 110- 111, 159 qualifying, 3, 6, 41, 66-67 at schools, 41, 69 tax subsidies, 42, 94, 146, 161 English as a second language (ESL) , 33, 36, 37, 53, 60, 69 Enrollments proprietary schools, 35, 62n two-year colleges, 31-33, 34 vocational-technical schools, 36 Evaluation and assessment, 5-6, 7, 7376, 131-132 qualifying training, 76-80, 100, 151, 155-156 retraining, 82-84 second-chance programs, 10, 73, 8490, 162-166 skills improvement training, 80-82 see also Performance management and standards Expenditures, see Federal funding Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... . competitiveness Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; State governments; names of specific federal agencies and programs Grants, institutional, 146, see also Student grants and loans Guaranteed loans, 29n, 45, 49-50 Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... program, 45, 58-60, 71, 97 community college role, 33 evaluation of, 84-86, 162- 163, 165 federal matching funds, 10, 162, 163 proprietary school involvement, 36 Job search and placement assistance, 37, 38, 55, 59, 61, 161 JOBSTART, 88, 95 Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) , 2, 16, 54-58, 63n, 71, 96-97, 163165 community-based organization programs, 37, 56-57 community college programs, 33, 37, 56-57 compared to JOBS, 58, 59, 60 impacts of, 84-85, 87-90 performance management system, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134, 137, 141-142 proprietary school involvement, 36, 56-57 see also Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act Junior colleges, see Community colleges L Labor market structure, 2, 10, 21-22, 28, 160 and employer-provided training, 21 Labor relations, policies, 21 Labor unions, 41, 68 apprenticeship programs, 31, 38, 39 La Raza, 43 Leading-edge standards, 133, 135, 136, 143 Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... 165-166 Loans, see Student grants and loans Local governments, 44, 121, 122, 128n, 170 community college administration, 32, 34 Low-income groups, 66 and community-based organizations, 37 and proprietary schools, 36 and student grants, 50 Low Income Opportunity Board (LIOB) , 173, 174 Low-skill occupations, 21, 23, 24, 69, 95 M Malcolm Baldrige Award, 160 Managers, 23 training of, 19, 69 Manpower Development and Training Act, 44 Manufacturing and readjustment assistance, 61 skill requirements, 23, 24 Miami Dade Community College, 32 Middle-level positions, 17, 23 military training, 42 Military training, 19, 30, 42-43 apprenticeship, 38 Minimum standards approach, 9, 135136, 143 Minimum wage, 21, 104 Minorities apprenticeships, 39 INDEX and community-based organizations, 37 community college enrollment, 33 proprietary school enrollment, 36 skills improvement training, 68 Mississippi, 59 Monitoring of training programs, 9, 155 Morrill Act, 128n N National Apprenticeship Act, 39 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 143n National Institute for Literacy, 165-166 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 42 National Literacy Act, 53, 72 National Science Foundation, 10, 174 National Supported Work Demonstration, 88 New Jersey, 99 Nonprofit institutions, 15 see also Community-based organizat~ons North American Free Trade Agreement, 161 North Carolina, 95 North Dakota, 59 o Occupations training for specific, 3, 17-20 Office of Work Force Development, 1011, 174-175 Oklahoma, 37 On-thejob training, see Employerprovided training; Skills . Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... INDEX Peer review process, 11, 175 Pell grants, 45, 49, SO, 145, 149, 150, 166n and vocational rehabilitation, 54 Performance management and standards, 5-6, 7-8, 90-93, 129-139, 171-172 adult education, 53 apprenticeship programs, 39 foreign comparisons, 6 JOBS program, 60, 92 JTPA, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134, 137, 141-142 military, 43 Perkins Act, 2, 15, 51-52, 92, 167n, 173 Perkins loans, 45, 48 Policy, see Federal policy Private Industry Councils, 56, 97 Private schools, see Proprietary schools Problem-driven standards, 135, 136 Productivity, 22, 25 skills improvement impacts, 81-82 207 evaluation of, 76-80, 100, 151, 155156 federal role, 9, 149- 158 sources of, 3, 17-19 student aid, 50-51, 149- 156 Quality of training, 3, 90 federal role, 4, 5, 7-9, 120, 125- 126, 129-143 see also Performance management and standards R Racial and ethnic groups, see Minorities Random assignment experiments, 74 75, 84, 101-102n Records and record-keeping employment and wages, 9, 155, 167n by training providers, 73 Referrals, 96, 97-98 Regulation, see Federal regulations Rehabilitation Act, 54 Professional associations, 31, 41 Remedial education, see Basic education Professional occupations, 19, 23, 69 Reorganization, see Industrial organiza Proprietary schools, 15, 16, 31, 34-36, lion 66 employers involvement, 94 evaluation of, 76-80 retraining at, 62 and student aid, 35, 48, 49-50, 91, 151, 154 vocational rehabilitation, 54 Providers of training, see Sources of training Public schools, 15, see also Vocational technical schools Public service occupations, 63n, 80 Public Works Administration, 44 Q Qualifying training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120 access to, 3, 65-68, 100 at community colleges, 34, 76-80 employer-provided, 3, 6, 41, 66-67 Reputation of training programs, 6, 14, 94 Research and development corporate investment, 24, 28 skill standards, 171 - 172 Resources, see Federal funding Results, 3, 5, 8, 64, 73-90, 100 see also Evaluation and assessment; Performance management and standards Retraining, 2, 15- 16, 60-62, 63n, 120 access to, 69-70 at community colleges, 33, 62 evaluation of, 82-84 federal role, 10, 158- 162 student aid, 51 S Sanctions, against training providers, 8, 52, 91 Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... Bill Short-term training programs, 31 Skill requirements, 95 and economic competitiveness, 2225, 28, 131, 140, 161 standards, 7, 8, 10, 11, 52, 94, 111114, 139-140, 171 and technological development, 1, 23, 24, 28 Skills improvement training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120 access to, 3, 68-69 evaluation of, 80-82 federal role, 10, 158- 162 foreign comparisons, 110- 111 INDEX formal company programs, 40-41, 68-69 sources of, 19, 20 student aid, 51 Small businesses owned by disabled, 54 skills improvement training, 68-69 Smith-Hughes Act, 44, 51, 128n Social Security Act, 44 Sources of training, 3, 17-20, 29n, 43-44 qualifying training, 3, 17-19 skills improvement, 19, 20 and standards, 7 South Carolina, 32, 95 Stafford Loan Program, 45, 49, 50, 63n Standard of living, 22, 24 Standards, see Performance management and standards; Skill requirements, standards State governments, 4, 13, 44, 121 - 122, 127-128n, 146 apprenticeship administration, 39-40 community college funding, 32, 34 and employer-sponsored training, 41, 82 federal aid, 2, 10, 11, 36, 44, 51, 52 53, 54, 121-122, 169-170, 173 174 institutional eligibility oversight, 51, 91, 151-154 JOBS administration, 58-60 JTPA administration, 55, 99-100 performance standards development, 52, 92, 100, 153, 154, 155-156 rehabilitation agencies, 54 short-term program funding, 31 and systemic reform, 3, 6, 99-100, 121-123, 126-127, 156, 169-171 and trade readjustment, 61 vocational school administration, 36 37, 51-52 waivers from federal rules, 10, 170 171, 174, 175 State Student Incentive Grants (SSIG) , 45 Statistical data collection, proprietary schools, 35 Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... Employment Service, 44, 94 U.S. Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; names of specific federal agencies and programs V Value added, in training programs, 8, 73-76, 90, 93, 135 Vocational Education Act, 36 Vocational rehabilitation, 54, 148 Vocational Student Loan Insurance Act, 49 Vocational-technical schools, 15, 31, 36-37, 97 and retraining, 62 Voucher programs, 9, 51, 144-145, 147149, 151, 166n, 167n W Wages, see Earnings and wages Wagner-Peyser Act, 44 Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... Program, 59, 85, 162 Workplaces, see Employer involvement; Employer-provided training; Industrial organization; Skills improvement training INDEX Works Progress Administration, 44 Work-study programs, 45, 48 y YouthBuild, 164, 168n Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act, 37 Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects (YIEPP) , 158 Youth training, 3, 5, 10, 15, 55-56, 125-126, 163-165, 167-168n under JTPA, 54-57, 87-89 skills improvement, 68 Read the entire page →

From page 201...

... , 58, 71, 85 Apprenticeship, 31, 38-40, 67, 156-158 foreign comparisons, 38, 40, 66-67, 105-106, 107, 115 Apprenticeship 2000 initiative, 40 Area vocational schools, see Vocational-technical schools Armed Forces, see Military training 201 Articulation among programs, 96, 120121 Assessment, see Evaluation and assessment Assistance, see Federal funding Australia, 105, 107-108, 111-117 passim B Basic education, 2, 15, 16, 33, 36, 37, 52-54, 59, 60, 71-72, 161, 165166 evaluation of, 10, 89-90 Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, see Pell grants Benchmarking, 133, 135, 136 Best practices, 5-6, 8, 138 Britain, 108-110, 111, 113-114, 116 see also United Kingdom Budgets, see Federal funding Business Training International, 35

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From page 202...

... , 55, 57, 86-87, 91, 92 Computer programming, 22, 23, 34 INDEX Contracting for training services, 145, 147-149, 166n from community colleges, 33-34, 41, 96 for dislocated workers, 61-62 by employers, 31, 33-34, 36, 41 federal, 9, 33, 36, 41 JTPA classes, 49, 57, 96, 97, 145 by military, 43 from proprietary schools, 36 Controlled experiments, 74-75 Cooperative education, 9, 67-68, 158 Coordination among programs, 95- 100, 120-121, 131, 166 Correspondence courses, 19, 154 Cosmetology, 34, 156 Counseling services, 37, 38, 54, 61 Creaming, 57, 76, 92, 102n, 134 Credentials, see Certification (workers) Curriculum development, 94-95, 140, 143n Customized training courses, 33, 36 D Default of student loans, 7, 14, 50, 92, 127, 154 proprietary school sector, 50, 63n Definitions of jobs and tasks, 23 of performance measures and standards, 133 of postsecondary education, 14- 15, 16 of training, 15, 16 Degrees, 15, 148 two-year programs, 33, 52, 76-80 Delaware, 36-37 Demand for workers, 2, 3, 28, 156 and educational levels, 24, 25 see also Skill requirements Demonstration projects apprenticeship, 9, 40, 157, 158 home health training, 85-86 institutional eligibility, 9, 155- 156 labor market structure, 10, 160 literacy in workplace, 42 skill standards, 139

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From page 203...

... , 60, 61-62, 70, 82-84 Economic Opportunity Act, 88 Educational attainment, 1, 16- 17, 24 and skills improvement training, 68 and wages, 23, 24, 102n Employer involvement, 3, 6, 24, 65, 9395, 120, 127 foreign comparisons, 104- 111 see also Employer-provided training Employer-provided training, 13, 20-21, 25, 31, 40-42, 43, 81-82, 94, 160 apprenticeship, 31, 38, 39, 40, 158 contracted, 31, 33-34, 36, 41 foreign comparisons, 110- 111 formal, 18, 19, 20, 31, 40-41 informal, 17, 18, 19, 20, 31, 41 and job mobility, 21, 29n, 110- 111, 159 qualifying, 3, 6, 41, 66-67 at schools, 41, 69 tax subsidies, 42, 94, 146, 161 English as a second language (ESL) , 33, 36, 37, 53, 60, 69 Enrollments proprietary schools, 35, 62n two-year colleges, 31-33, 34 vocational-technical schools, 36 Evaluation and assessment, 5-6, 7, 7376, 131-132 qualifying training, 76-80, 100, 151, 155-156 retraining, 82-84 second-chance programs, 10, 73, 8490, 162-166 skills improvement training, 80-82 see also Performance management and standards Expenditures, see Federal funding

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From page 204...

... . competitiveness Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; State governments; names of specific federal agencies and programs Grants, institutional, 146, see also Student grants and loans Guaranteed loans, 29n, 45, 49-50

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From page 205...

... program, 45, 58-60, 71, 97 community college role, 33 evaluation of, 84-86, 162- 163, 165 federal matching funds, 10, 162, 163 proprietary school involvement, 36 Job search and placement assistance, 37, 38, 55, 59, 61, 161 JOBSTART, 88, 95 Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) , 2, 16, 54-58, 63n, 71, 96-97, 163165 community-based organization programs, 37, 56-57 community college programs, 33, 37, 56-57 compared to JOBS, 58, 59, 60 impacts of, 84-85, 87-90 performance management system, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134, 137, 141-142 proprietary school involvement, 36, 56-57 see also Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act Junior colleges, see Community colleges L Labor market structure, 2, 10, 21-22, 28, 160 and employer-provided training, 21 Labor relations, policies, 21 Labor unions, 41, 68 apprenticeship programs, 31, 38, 39 La Raza, 43 Leading-edge standards, 133, 135, 136, 143

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From page 206...

... 165-166 Loans, see Student grants and loans Local governments, 44, 121, 122, 128n, 170 community college administration, 32, 34 Low-income groups, 66 and community-based organizations, 37 and proprietary schools, 36 and student grants, 50 Low Income Opportunity Board (LIOB) , 173, 174 Low-skill occupations, 21, 23, 24, 69, 95 M Malcolm Baldrige Award, 160 Managers, 23 training of, 19, 69 Manpower Development and Training Act, 44 Manufacturing and readjustment assistance, 61 skill requirements, 23, 24 Miami Dade Community College, 32 Middle-level positions, 17, 23 military training, 42 Military training, 19, 30, 42-43 apprenticeship, 38 Minimum standards approach, 9, 135136, 143 Minimum wage, 21, 104 Minorities apprenticeships, 39 INDEX and community-based organizations, 37 community college enrollment, 33 proprietary school enrollment, 36 skills improvement training, 68 Mississippi, 59 Monitoring of training programs, 9, 155 Morrill Act, 128n N National Apprenticeship Act, 39 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 143n National Institute for Literacy, 165-166 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 42 National Literacy Act, 53, 72 National Science Foundation, 10, 174 National Supported Work Demonstration, 88 New Jersey, 99 Nonprofit institutions, 15 see also Community-based organizat~ons North American Free Trade Agreement, 161 North Carolina, 95 North Dakota, 59 o Occupations training for specific, 3, 17-20 Office of Work Force Development, 1011, 174-175 Oklahoma, 37 On-thejob training, see Employerprovided training; Skills .

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From page 207...

... INDEX Peer review process, 11, 175 Pell grants, 45, 49, SO, 145, 149, 150, 166n and vocational rehabilitation, 54 Performance management and standards, 5-6, 7-8, 90-93, 129-139, 171-172 adult education, 53 apprenticeship programs, 39 foreign comparisons, 6 JOBS program, 60, 92 JTPA, 7, 8, 52, 57-58, 91-92, 97, 130, 134, 137, 141-142 military, 43 Perkins Act, 2, 15, 51-52, 92, 167n, 173 Perkins loans, 45, 48 Policy, see Federal policy Private Industry Councils, 56, 97 Private schools, see Proprietary schools Problem-driven standards, 135, 136 Productivity, 22, 25 skills improvement impacts, 81-82 207 evaluation of, 76-80, 100, 151, 155156 federal role, 9, 149- 158 sources of, 3, 17-19 student aid, 50-51, 149- 156 Quality of training, 3, 90 federal role, 4, 5, 7-9, 120, 125- 126, 129-143 see also Performance management and standards R Racial and ethnic groups, see Minorities Random assignment experiments, 74 75, 84, 101-102n Records and record-keeping employment and wages, 9, 155, 167n by training providers, 73 Referrals, 96, 97-98 Regulation, see Federal regulations Rehabilitation Act, 54 Professional associations, 31, 41 Remedial education, see Basic education Professional occupations, 19, 23, 69 Reorganization, see Industrial organiza Proprietary schools, 15, 16, 31, 34-36, lion 66 employers involvement, 94 evaluation of, 76-80 retraining at, 62 and student aid, 35, 48, 49-50, 91, 151, 154 vocational rehabilitation, 54 Providers of training, see Sources of training Public schools, 15, see also Vocational technical schools Public service occupations, 63n, 80 Public Works Administration, 44 Q Qualifying training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120 access to, 3, 65-68, 100 at community colleges, 34, 76-80 employer-provided, 3, 6, 41, 66-67 Reputation of training programs, 6, 14, 94 Research and development corporate investment, 24, 28 skill standards, 171 - 172 Resources, see Federal funding Results, 3, 5, 8, 64, 73-90, 100 see also Evaluation and assessment; Performance management and standards Retraining, 2, 15- 16, 60-62, 63n, 120 access to, 69-70 at community colleges, 33, 62 evaluation of, 82-84 federal role, 10, 158- 162 student aid, 51 S Sanctions, against training providers, 8, 52, 91

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From page 208...

... Bill Short-term training programs, 31 Skill requirements, 95 and economic competitiveness, 2225, 28, 131, 140, 161 standards, 7, 8, 10, 11, 52, 94, 111114, 139-140, 171 and technological development, 1, 23, 24, 28 Skills improvement training, 2, 15, 16, 25, 28, 120 access to, 3, 68-69 evaluation of, 80-82 federal role, 10, 158- 162 foreign comparisons, 110- 111 INDEX formal company programs, 40-41, 68-69 sources of, 19, 20 student aid, 51 Small businesses owned by disabled, 54 skills improvement training, 68-69 Smith-Hughes Act, 44, 51, 128n Social Security Act, 44 Sources of training, 3, 17-20, 29n, 43-44 qualifying training, 3, 17-19 skills improvement, 19, 20 and standards, 7 South Carolina, 32, 95 Stafford Loan Program, 45, 49, 50, 63n Standard of living, 22, 24 Standards, see Performance management and standards; Skill requirements, standards State governments, 4, 13, 44, 121 - 122, 127-128n, 146 apprenticeship administration, 39-40 community college funding, 32, 34 and employer-sponsored training, 41, 82 federal aid, 2, 10, 11, 36, 44, 51, 52 53, 54, 121-122, 169-170, 173 174 institutional eligibility oversight, 51, 91, 151-154 JOBS administration, 58-60 JTPA administration, 55, 99-100 performance standards development, 52, 92, 100, 153, 154, 155-156 rehabilitation agencies, 54 short-term program funding, 31 and systemic reform, 3, 6, 99-100, 121-123, 126-127, 156, 169-171 and trade readjustment, 61 vocational school administration, 36 37, 51-52 waivers from federal rules, 10, 170 171, 174, 175 State Student Incentive Grants (SSIG) , 45 Statistical data collection, proprietary schools, 35

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From page 209...

... Employment Service, 44, 94 U.S. Government, see Federal funding; Federal policy; Federal regulations; names of specific federal agencies and programs V Value added, in training programs, 8, 73-76, 90, 93, 135 Vocational Education Act, 36 Vocational rehabilitation, 54, 148 Vocational Student Loan Insurance Act, 49 Vocational-technical schools, 15, 31, 36-37, 97 and retraining, 62 Voucher programs, 9, 51, 144-145, 147149, 151, 166n, 167n W Wages, see Earnings and wages Wagner-Peyser Act, 44

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From page 210...

... Program, 59, 85, 162 Workplaces, see Employer involvement; Employer-provided training; Industrial organization; Skills improvement training INDEX Works Progress Administration, 44 Work-study programs, 45, 48 y YouthBuild, 164, 168n Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act, 37 Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects (YIEPP) , 158 Youth training, 3, 5, 10, 15, 55-56, 125-126, 163-165, 167-168n under JTPA, 54-57, 87-89 skills improvement, 68

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INDEX Pages 201-210

INDEX
Pages 201-210