The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems (1994) / Chapter Skim
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Wastes as Raw Materials
Wastes as Raw Materials
Pages 69-89
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From page 69... ...
While these comparisons between waste mass and the mass of commodity products make apparent the magnitude of industrial wastes, considering mass flows alone can be somewhat misleading. The extent to which industrial wastes could serve as raw materials depends not only on the mass of the waste stream, but also on the concentration of resources in the wastes.
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From page 70... ...
We will begin with a brief examination of the total quantities of material circulating through the waste cycles. We will then focus on a series of metals, tracking their flows as wastes and comparing the waste mass and concentration level of recycled wastes, discarded wastes, and virgin raw materials.
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From page 71... ...
In contrast, the biennial survey of generators and the biennial survey of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities collected under the RCRA provide data on total waste mass but little data beyond loosely defined waste categories on the composition of the waste streams. A hybrid data base of information collected by Research Triangle Institute for the Environmental Protection Agency under RCRA (EPA, 1988c)
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From page 72... ...
A third set of waste streams, about 4 mt/yr, is sent to various thermal treatment technologies which include direct incineration, fuel blending, and reuse as fuel. While an examination of total waste flows is a necessary first step in assessing the use of waste streams as raw materials, total mass is not a good indicator of the potential value of waste streams.
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From page 73... ...
FIGURE 3 Flow of cadmium in hazardous waste treatment operations in 1986 (tons per year)
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From page 74... ...
The total mass flow of municipal solid waste is approximately 0.2 billion tons per year, which is considerably less than the total flow of industrial hazardous wastes (0.75 billion tons per year) and total industrial wastes (12 billion tons per year)
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From page 75... ...
Other sources of lead in MSW total roughly 70,000 tons per year. Industrial hazardous wastes are another sink for lead.
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From page 76... ...
',.',:] fit other cook Sl C INDUSTRY 3432 12% 4953 11% 2816: Inorganic pigments 3314: Primary metals industries 3432: Plumbing, fitting, & brass goods 4953: Refuse systems Total: 16,100 tons/year 20% 1 6% 3312 11% LEAD 33~2 6% other 14 I%/ 3691 3479 5% 3429 14% Sl C I NDUSTRY i_ ~~ ~ 2911 2816 4% other 21% S I C I N D USTR Y 3679 12% 3721 10% 2816: Inorganic pigments 2911: Petroleum refining 331 2: Blast furnace & steel mills 3429: Hardware, nec 3471: Plating & polishing 3679: Electronic components, nec 3721: Aircraft Total: 89,900 tons/year 3~, aim 3312: Blast furnace ~ steel mills 3341: Secondary nonferrous metals 3429: Hardware, nec 3479: Metal coating 8 allied services 3691: Storage batteries Total: 188,600 tons/year FIGURE 6 Industrial sources of cadmium, chromium, and lead wastes.
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From page 77... ...
l989b Production Mine production340,000 411,000 Secondary lead615,000 809,000 Consumption Metal products146,00012.7170,000 13.3 Storage batteries854,00077.91,012,000 78.9 Other oxides69,0005.058,000 4.5 Miscellaneous55,0004.443,000 3.3 (including gasoline additives)
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From page 78... ...
Overall recycling efficiency could be improved by increasing the collection of lead batteries above 90 percent, by improving the efficiency of secondary lead smelting, and by targeting for recycling industrial waste streams from nonbattery operations. Figure 8 compares some of the waste streams currently requiring disposal with those currently being recycled.
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From page 79... ...
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From page 80... ...
SUMMARY Compositions and sources of recycled waste streams can be examined and opportunities for improving recycling efficiencies can be explored. Unfortunately, these analyses rely extensively on a single data base of industrial waste, the National Hazardous Waste Survey.
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From page 81... ...
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From page 83... ...
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From page 85... ...
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From page 86... ...
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From page 88... ...
Points lying above the Sherwood plot indicate that the metals in the waste streams are underused, that is, waste streams undergoing disposal are richer than typical virgin materials. Points lying below the Sherwood plot indicate that the waste streams are vigorously recycled.
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From page 89... ...
1989. Characterization of Products Containing Lead and Cadmium in Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 1970 to 2000, EPA/530-SW-89-015A.
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