Handbook of Frequency Allocations and Spectrum Protection for Scientific Uses Second Edition (2015) / Chapter Skim
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1 Radio Frequency Regulation for the Scientific Services
1 Radio Frequency Regulation for the Scientific Services
Pages 3-15
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Scientific research that uses the radio spectrum benefits from U.S. radio-frequency managers who work with national and international regulatory bodies to improve spectrum access for the scientific services throughout the world.
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Thus, while spectral sharing of the passive service allocations with compatible active service allocations are possible in some circumstances, special care must be taken to provide protection for scientifically critical spectral windows and for geographic regions where radio telescopes are located. Of particular concern are those radio emissions that exist very close to the atomic and molecular spectral line frequencies reserved for the scientific services.
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Additional input from the scientific community comes from the Scientific Committee on Frequency Allocations for Radio Astronomy and Space Science (IUCAF) , which operates under the auspices of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)
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EARTH SCIENCE RADIO ASTRONOMY SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR RADIO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE (IUCAF) INFORMATION FLOW DELEGATIONS FIGURE 1.1 This Radio Astronomy Service (RAS)
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EARTH SCIENCE FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR RADIO ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE (IUCAF) INFORMATION FLOW DELEGATIONS FIGURE 1.2 This Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS)
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WRC-2012 increased the upper end of the frequency range under consideration for allocations by the ITU from 1 to 3 THz and identified spectral windows where active service applications should take all practicable steps to protect the passive services from harmful interference, but did not impose mandatory protection criteria for passive services within the 275-1000 GHz frequency range. An extensive discussion of the science enabled by RAS allocations is presented in Chapter 2 and the frequency bands allocated to RAS are listed in Chapter 5.
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An extensive discussion of the science enabled by EESS allocations is presented in Chapter 3, and the frequency bands allocated to EESS are listed in Chapter 5. 1.5 OTHER SCIENTIFIC SERVICES Other frequency allocations support scientific research, and many are, in fact, essential to the operaion of spacecraft, observation, and the retrieval of data.
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EESS Earth stations may be dedicated to individual missions (e.g., NOAA's meteorological satellite ground stations and the International Ground Station Network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey to support Landsat)
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As a return on those investments, radio astronomy and Earth remote sensing have, over the past decades, made fundamental new discoveries and have brought us closer to understanding both the nature of the universe and our immediate environment. The rapid rate of important discoveries in radio astronomy and Earth science will surely continue if the radio-frequency bands for the passive services are protected.
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• John O'Sullivan and collaborators at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation were working on improving the quality of radio images made using interferometry and patented a related technique for reducing multipath interference in network radio transmissions, a critical component of wireless networks (WiFi)
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Some examples of valuable microwave satellite remote sensing applications are listed below: • The geographic delineation of forest fire extent through smoke by their microwave radiation; • The measurement by passive remote sensing techniques of the temperature of Earth's atmosphere; surface properties including soil moisture, snow cover, and sea ice; the distribution of water vapor, cloud water, precipitation, and impurities such as carbon monoxide; and vegetation biomass properties; • The monitoring of trace gases, such as ozone, important to atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and greenhouse warming; • Early and accurate warnings of natural land-related disasters, and the mitigation of such events; • Systematic environmental monitoring and the generation of information relevant to better management of natural resources, including forests, agricultural lands, wetlands, and freshwater; • The mapping of conditions with potential for malaria outbreaks and other disease vectors; • Studies of human impact on the environment -- for example, urban development, deforestation, and diversion of natural waterways; and • The measurement, using the newly allocated EESS secondary active band at 432-438 MHz (via footnote 5.279A) , of Amazonian biomass (in conjunction with higher-frequency radar measurements of the top of the vegetation)
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Likewise, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory has visitor centers at the Very Large Array headquarters in Socorro, New Mexico, and at the Robert C Byrd Green Bank Telescope in Green Bank, West Virginia.
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researchers.8 For instance, digital elevation odels m from NASA's February 11-22, 2000, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission that operated at 5.3 GHz is the most downloaded NASA data set of all time. Within the framework of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Earth remote sensing data are readily and rapidly distributed on a worldwide basis to support a wide range of activities by scores of countries within a number of societal benefit areas.
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