Examining a Developmental Approach to Childhood Obesity The Fetal and Early Childhood Years: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
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Food and Nutrition Board and the IOM and the National Research Council Board on Children, Youth, and Families convened a workshop in Wash ington, DC, to explore the body of evolving science that examines the nexus of biology, environment, and developmental stage on risk of childhood obesity (see Box 1-2)
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Derived from the Greek prefix "epi-," epigenetics literally means "above genetics." BOX 1-2 Statement of Task An ad hoc committee will plan a 2-day public workshop exploring the body of evolving science that examines the nexus of biology, interaction between biology and environment, and developmental stage on risk for childhood obesity. The workshop will include attention to the prenatal period, infancy, and early child hood and will include evidence from animal and human studies.
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OPENING REMARKS In her welcoming remarks, workshop planning committee chair Shari Barkin described epigenetics as an emerging field of study, one aimed at understanding the phenotypic changes caused not only by changes in DNA, but also by changes in gene expression. For example, when researchers transported larvae from docile European bee hives to a killer bee hive and foster-raised the normally docile bees with the killer bees, they found that not only did the European bees develop an aggressive killer bee phenotype, but their actual gene expression also changed.
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. While Thomas Hunt Morgan of Columbia University proposed that genes control all cellular events throughout development, Just proposed what he called the theory of genetic restriction, that is, that cytoplasmic factors interact with nuclear elements to induce cell differentiation.
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The American Academy of Pediatrics is ready, Hassink said, to serve as an engine for translating pediatric obesity research findings into action. Jamie Bussel of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation began her welcome remarks by noting that although epigenetics is not on the foundation's
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The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation announced in February 2015 that it would be contributing an additional $500 million over the next decade to continue and expand its work in reducing childhood obesity. An important theme that will be driving the next decade of effort, not just in terms of building the evidence base, but also supporting action and advocacy, will be an intensified focus on reducing disparities.
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Following a conceptual overview by Robert Waterland of the Baylor College of Medicine and Andrea Baccarelli of the Harvard School of Public Health, workshop participants in Session 2, moderated by Karen Lillycrop of Southampton University, considered how the risk of childhood obesity can be affected by (1) maternal and paternal nutrition and other exposures before conception, (2)
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