Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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A5 - Vector-Borne Diseases: Animals and Patterns - Margot Stuchin, Catherine C. Machalaba, William B. Karesh
A5 - Vector-Borne Diseases: Animals and Patterns - Margot Stuchin, Catherine C. Machalaba, William B. Karesh
Pages 167-181
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From page 167... ...
based on their transmissibility, potential to cause social disruption, and impact to human health, although many of these pathogens affect animal health as well. Forty percent of the NIAID priority pathogens are vector borne and also widely regarded to infect or cause disease in animals (4 of 18 in Category A, 9 of 24 in Category B, and 13 of 23 in Category C)
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Trypanosomosis Western equine encephalomyelitis Equine infectious anemia Severe fever with thrombocytopenia Equine piroplasmosis Syndrome virus (SFTSV) Infection with African horse Heartland virus sickness virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Alkhurma virus Kyasanur Forest virus Tick-borne encephalitis complex Category C flaviviruses • Tick-borne encephalitis viruses • European subtype • Eastern subtype Far • Siberian subtype • Powassan/deer tick virus Yellow fever virus Other rickettsias Chikunguya virus SOURCES: NIAID, 2014; OIE, 2014; PREDICT Consortium, 2014.
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Recent VBD emergence events have highlighted the important role of animal hosts or reservoirs. We examine four examples, Schmallenberg virus, West Nile virus, tick-borne illness, and Rift Valley fever virus, for their trends and implications in terms of animal health.
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170 FIGURE A5-1 Temporal patterns of select vector-borne disease emergence. SOURCE: Kilpatrick and Randolph, 2012.
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is a novel nonzoonotic virus in the Bunyaviridae family that emerged in Germany and the Netherlands in 2011 and is now reported in most European nations. It primarily affects domestic ruminants and has been detected serologically in dogs and a number of wildlife and zoo species including alpaca, water buffalo, elk, bison, red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, muntjac, and chamois (Sailleau et al., 2013; EFSA, 2014)
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However, non-OIE related international trade restrictions due to SBV have had major implications for the EU's live animal and bovine semen trade, resulting in serious economic consequences. For example, in 2012, SBV was responsible for an 11–26 percent decline in bovine semen exports to non-EU countries and a 20 percent decline in breeding animal exports from €590 million to €475 million (EFSA, 2014)
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Given the overall mild symptoms, short duration of illness in domestic ruminants, and the gain of immunity postrecovery it may not be economically viable to vaccinate. Individual livestock owners will most likely have to live with the burden of disease unless improved control strategies become available.
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, broadly affect domestic animals, livestock, and wildlife worldwide. Ticks feed on a wide range of animal taxa including mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds, often using different hosts throughout their life cycle, creating multiple opportunities for disease spread between species.
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Human activity and other ecological drivers are likely responsible for these increases of disease prevalence; however, the role of inadequate surveillance in our ability to perceive these patterns must be addressed. A lack of centralized reporting for canine Lyme disease makes it difficult to discern whether these parallel increases
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Gaps in uniform surveillance of TBD in companion animals impede accurate and integral epidemiologic monitoring, particularly in nonendemic regions (see Figure A5-6)
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Wild and domestic ruminants typically experience subclinical infections in interepidemic periods, but heavy rains increase Aedes populations, leading to amplification in domestic ruminants, and increasing potential for outbreaks in domestic ruminants and transmission to humans. While this weather-dependent cycle is well established in Kenya, outbreaks appear to be less cyclical, or have different determinants, in South Africa.
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burden on mosquitos, domestic animals, wildlife, humans, and ecological factors (e.g., climate) in RVF show the complexity of some VBDs.
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Department of Defense (DoD) DTRA-supported partnership between EcoHealth Alliance, the South African National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South African National Parks, the Free State Province Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs, Republic of South African Department of Defence, University of Pretoria, and NASA/Universities Space Research Association has been established under a 5-year comprehensive study of RVF in South Africa.
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2009. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: Results of a national clinic-based serologic survey.
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From page 181... ...
The impact of ticks and tick borne diseases on the livelihood of small-scale and marginal livestock owners in India and eastern and southern Africa. Research report, DFID Animal Health Programme, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine.
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