Chemistry and Engineering of Shale Gas and Tight Oil Resource Development Workshop in Brief (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Chemistry and Engineering of Shale Gas and Tight Oil Resource Development A Workshop for the Chemical Sciences Roundtable
Chemistry and Engineering of Shale Gas and Tight Oil Resource Development A Workshop for the Chemical Sciences Roundtable
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Though chemistry Resource Development and chemical engineering are used extensively in the hydraulic fracturing process, their roles are not well understood outside of A Workshop the oil and gas industries. In a workshop held May 18–19, 2015 in Washington, DC by the Chemical Sciences Roundtable, ractitioners p and experts in these fields came together to discuss shale gas and tight oil resource development.
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Advances in horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies in the early sources commonly used 2000s drove a rapid expansion of shale gas and tight oil development throughout in the future. the United States across multiple shale rock formations.
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The chemi- • scale inhibitors to control the precipitation of cals involved in the process, which make up a small certain carbonate and sulfate materials; percentage of the total volume of fluids introduced • iron control chemicals to inhibit precipitation of into the formation, may include the following: iron compounds by keeping them in a soluble • gelling and foaming agents to help to create form; and desired fluid rheology, to create fracture volume • clay protection chemicals to minimize clay and area, and to transport the proppant material; damage to the formation from clay swelling or • friction reducers to reduce the pressured needed migration of fine particles. to pump fluid into the wellbore; The pressure in the well results in recovery of the • surfactants to optimize hydrocarbon removal desired oil and shale gas, in addition to fracturing by minimizing water oil-wetting of the rock fluids, called "flowback", and water from the surface; formation, called "produced water".
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A movement question of how much methane is escaping into the to use natural gas in long-distance trucking and atmosphere from shale gas and tight oil producfor short-haul fleets of commercial and municipal tion. Because methane is a powerful greenhouse trucks and buses and some other transportation gas, it does not take much natural gas escaping to uses could drive additional demand, Krupnick said.
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on to lower permeability reservoirs that needed some stimulation to produce oil. Today, LaFollette said, we are dealing mostly with the lowest mobility What drives industry choices in reservoirs, which are rock formations that have been hydraulic fracturing fluids and under high pressure (0.7–0.9 psi per foot below chemicals?
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brines water, growing environmental concerns of reusing flowback and produced water, and lower prices for ¡¡Cross-linked (CMC) gel system natural gas.
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Notably, cationic friction reducers being used to enhance production. The industry perform well in higher salinity produced waters, today is widely using a gel called borate crosspermit the use of a wider range of biocides, and linked guar, McKay said.
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This affects the drivers for creating an infrastructure, Alternative Water Sources for such as pipelines, for water distribution to where it is Hydraulic Fracturing needed. A second challenge in Texas is that disposal Key points made by presenters Danny Reible and of produced water is much cheaper than treating or Radisav Vidic: recycling it.
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Shifting from trucking water for example some places require the return of into an area to pumping it could significantly reduce wastewaters to the environment after use to traffic and, potentially, costs. However, water reuse in maintain environmental flows, said Reible For the Marcellus Shale is complicated by the fact that the example, the municipal wastewaters cannot be produced water is high in total dissolved solids (TDS)
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It is also important to realize that hydraulic • The number of chemicals and complexity of fracturing fluids are only part of the universe of the mixtures in which they are used, combined chemicals used in the oil and gas production with the extreme and variable conditions under process, but they are currently the only fluids for which they are handled, is a challenge for which the chemical components are disclosed, understanding their fate and transport as well Mordick said. Other fluids, such as drilling fluids, as toxicity or environmental concerns posed by enhanced oil recovery fluids, and produced water their use.
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Research Team The need to monitor the dose level of NORM, • 800+ shallow private wells in PA, NY, WV, AK, which were a known concern for hydraulic frac- NC, TX; turing back in 1950s, is very important, Vengosh said. The Marcellus Shale formation contains a high • About 100 produced/flowback waters samples from conventional and unconventional wells concentration of radioactive nuclides compared in PA, NY, AK, CA; to other formations in the United States, and some of these nuclides are present in produced water • 200+ surface waters in PA, CO, WV and river sediments downstream from waste waters 3 Hayes (2009)
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Vengosh said other potential pathways into the environment include spills and accidental releases, spraying of salts from operations onto roads for deicing and Figure 6. Produced water used for irrigation in the Cawelo dust suppression, and leaking from ponds water district in California.
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His team is looking at the to be a very good practice." known ways chemicals are released into the environment, including re-injection of produced water Closing Thoughts for enhanced oil production and use of produced The speakers covered a wide range of topics water in dust control and irrigation, a process that addressing chemical and chemical engineering is unique to California. According to Stringfellow, challenges at each stage of the hydraulic fracturing some produced water is going into unlined disposal process for shale gas and tight oil recovery, from pits in the California Central Valley.
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Participants discussed technical challenges and information gaps on the following topics: Chemistry in the Well Sample and Data Sharing –– Characterization of the actions of all additives –– Development of systematic methods of and increase understanding of the modes of collecting and distributing samples from sites action of each (clays, emulsifiers, etc.) –– Creation of a centralized and standardized –– Characterization of injected materials, database or system for sharing files and data including in-well transformation, transport, related to this research and degradation pathways and products, both –– Increased sharing of geophysical data to organic and inorganic support model development –– Identification of substitutes or alternative On-Site Monitoring chemicals or methods of achieving the same effect with reduced hazardous effects or –– Development of both techniques and strategies undesirable degradation products that interfere for sampling from wells with production –– Improved aqueous and solid-state tracers –– Clarification of the differences in chemistry that for monitoring of flow pathways would aid can occur with different water sources (brine, in monitoring techniques for active and recycled produced water, etc.)
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A shared, national facility could assist researchers from both industry and academia Other Concerns –– An inventory of high pressure and temperature Public Engagement facilities at national laboratories would be helpful for test and development efforts –– Creation of spaces to bring together technical experts, social science experts, and stakeholders –– A real world test site, perhaps a well going for shared discussion and learning offline, might serve to facilitate training, testing of sampling and monitoring methods. It could –– Transparency of the activities occurring related act as intermediate step between high-pressure to hydraulic fracturing in communities and lab environment and work site.
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The statements made are those of the authors or individual meeting participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all meeting participants, the planning committee, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The summary was reviewed in draft form by Mark Barteau, University of Michigan; Ken Carlson, Colorado State University; Robert L
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