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From page 668... ... 12-1 CHAPTER 12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................12-1 Background.................................................................................................................................12-3 Scope...........................................................................................................................................12-5 Research Approach .....................................................................................................................12-5 Soft Ground Treatment Alternatives...........................................................................................12-6 Characteristics and Limitations of Lightweight Fill Materials................................................12-6 Comparison of Lightweight Fill Material Properties ............................................................12-10 Summary of EPS-Block Geofoam Cost Data ...........................................................................12-13 Summary of Foundation Improvement Cost Data ................................................................12-17 Prefabricated Vertical Drains ............................................................................................12-17 Vibro-Compaction .............................................................................................................12-17 Soil Nailing........................................................................................................................12-18 Stone Columns...................................................................................................................12-18 Soil Mixing........................................................................................................................12-18 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls.....................................................................12-19 Summary...................................................................................................................................12-19 References.................................................................................................................................12-20 Tables........................................................................................................................................12-22 ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The goal of design and construction of highway embankments over soft ground is to provide an adequate transportation facility at the lowest overall life-cycle cost (1) Read the entire page →
From page 669... ... 12-2 costs include design costs, construction costs, right-of-way costs, routine maintenance costs, periodic maintenance and rehabilitation costs, operating costs, accident costs, and users' cost (1) Read the entire page →
From page 670... ... 12-3 density of geofoam may alleviate the costs of soft soil removal and the possible need for an excavation support system, excavation widening, and temporary dewatering. There is a limited amount of published information related to economic assessments made explicitly for EPS-block geofoam versus other design alternatives in road embankments on soft ground. Read the entire page →
From page 672... ... 12-5 SCOPE An important aspect of the research was to quantify the economic advantages of using EPS-block geofoam as a design alternative compared to other lightweight fill materials and traditional alternatives such as soil fill with ground improvement techniques (prefabricated vertical drains, geosynthetic reinforcement) or a structurally supported roadway. Read the entire page →
From page 673... ... 12-6 • Cost data presented in the draft manual for the FHWA Demonstration Project No. Read the entire page →
From page 674... ... 12-7 buildings, utilities, etc. However, the use of lightweight fill materials will have no affect on the magnitude and time-dependent behavior of creep ("secondary consolidation") Read the entire page →
From page 675... ... 12-8 lightweight fill type may not be available from just one vendor or source. In a project that used approximately 6,400 Mg (7,050 ton) Read the entire page →
From page 676... ... 12-9 Placement and compaction costs can be higher for some types of lightweight fills than for conventional soil fill. For example, flyash and boiler slag are moisture sensitive and therefore, moisture control is critical for proper compaction of flyash and boiler slag. Read the entire page →
From page 677... ... 12-10 design and these costs are not included in Table 12.2. For example, a geomembrane has been used to protect EPS-block geofoam from hydrocarbon spills. Read the entire page →
From page 678... ... 12-11 reduced lateral stresses applied to walls compared to conventional soils. Manufactured materials such as EPS-block geofoam and foamed concrete also have more uniform and consistent material properties than waste materials. Read the entire page →
From page 679... ... 12-12 cost estimate. This resiliency also may limit the type of pavement used over shredded tires and wood fiber fills to a flexible pavement type. Read the entire page →
From page 680... ... 12-13 infestation. Sufficient cover must be maintained over fly ash embankments to minimize erosion of the side slopes. Read the entire page →
From page 681... ... 12-14 It can be seen from Table 12.3 that the unit cost for EPS-block geofoam varies widely and ranges from $39.00 to $104.00 per m3 ($30.00 to $80.00 per yd3) including transportation and placement costs. Read the entire page →
From page 682... ... 12-15 Table 12.6. Potential Costs Associated with an EPS-Block Geofoam Project. Read the entire page →
From page 683... ... 12-16 least expensive facing alternative when architectural concerns are minimal or nonexistent. When a more-attractive finish is desired, full-height precast PCC panels are used most often and can impart a significant cost. Read the entire page →
From page 684... ... 12-17 • Where possible, it is desirable to try to use EPS blocks in their full as-molded size, assuming that the blocks meet certain dimensional quality criteria for straightness, etc. Although it is possible to factory cut a seasoned block into a smaller size, such cutting can add significantly to the unit cost of the final EPS-block geofoam product. Read the entire page →
From page 685... ... 12-18 backfill is added (6) Read the entire page →
From page 686... ... 12-19 However, this project was implemented under a design-build contract and therefore detailed cost information is not readily available. Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Read the entire page →
From page 687... ... 12-20 even though the blocks have a higher material cost than soil fill material. The case histories show a cost of geofoam and MSE walls of $39 to $104 per m3 ($30.00 to $80.00 per yd3) Read the entire page →
From page 688... ... 12-21 5. Holtz, R Read the entire page →
From page 689... ... TABLE 12.1 PROJ 24-11.doc Method Variations of Method Berms; flatter slopes Reduced-stress method Lightweight Fill: bark, sawdust, peat, fuel ash, slag, cinders, scrap cellular concrete, low-density cellular concrete, expanded clay or shale (lightweight aggregate) , expanded polystyrene, shells. Read the entire page →
From page 690... ... TABLE 12.2 PROJ 24-11.doc Lightweight Fill Type Range in Density/Unit Weight, kg/m3 (lbf/ft3) Read the entire page →
From page 691... ... TABLE 12.3 PROJ 24-11.doc Date Location of Project Project Type Quantity of EPSBlock m3 (yd3) Unit Cost of EPS-Block $/m3 ($/yd3) Read the entire page →
From page 692... ... TABLE 12.4 PROJ 24-11.doc Density, kg/m³ (lbf/ft³) Read the entire page →
From page 693... ... TABLE 12.5 PROJ 24-11.doc Date Location of Project Thickness cm (in.) Read the entire page →
From page 694... ... TABLE 12.6 PROJ 24-11.doc MANUFACTURING COSTS: 1. Raw material price 1.1 Flame retardant chemicals 1.2 Use of low-VOC expandable polystyrene 1.3 Shipping from raw material supplier to molder 1.4 Subjective marketing factors 2. Read the entire page →
From page 695... ... TABLE 12.7 PROJ 24-11.doc Site Category Size Range m (ft) Unit Price Range Small 3,000 to 10,000 (9,843 to 32,808) Read the entire page →

From page 668...

... 12-1 CHAPTER 12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................12-1 Background.................................................................................................................................12-3 Scope...........................................................................................................................................12-5 Research Approach .....................................................................................................................12-5 Soft Ground Treatment Alternatives...........................................................................................12-6 Characteristics and Limitations of Lightweight Fill Materials................................................12-6 Comparison of Lightweight Fill Material Properties ............................................................12-10 Summary of EPS-Block Geofoam Cost Data ...........................................................................12-13 Summary of Foundation Improvement Cost Data ................................................................12-17 Prefabricated Vertical Drains ............................................................................................12-17 Vibro-Compaction .............................................................................................................12-17 Soil Nailing........................................................................................................................12-18 Stone Columns...................................................................................................................12-18 Soil Mixing........................................................................................................................12-18 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls.....................................................................12-19 Summary...................................................................................................................................12-19 References.................................................................................................................................12-20 Tables........................................................................................................................................12-22 ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The goal of design and construction of highway embankments over soft ground is to provide an adequate transportation facility at the lowest overall life-cycle cost (1)