Towards Road Transport Automation: Opportunities in Public-Private Collaboration (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 65-76
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From page 65... ...
65 APPENDIX B: COMMISSIONED WHITE PAPER 2 Road Transport Automation as a Societal Change Agent Oliver Carsten, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom Risto Kulmala, Finnish Transport Agency, Helsinki, Finland White Paper 2 is a companion to White Paper 1, "Road Transport Automation as a Public–Private Enterprise." White Paper 1 examines transport automation as a diverse technological and policy opportunity to systematically address the challenges of our current transport system; in contrast, White Paper 2 considers the changes involved for individuals, companies, governments, and society at large. Automation may have dramatic impact for road transport.
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From page 66... ...
66 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N Automated driving has many types of benefits, some direct and some indirect. The benefits originate at the individual level, in changes in the behavior of drivers and travelers with regard to driving and mobility, and conclude with benefits at the social level via changes in the whole transport system and society, in which many of the current planning and operations paradigms are likely to be transformed by automated driving.
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From page 67... ...
67A P P E N D I X B : C O M M I S S I O N E D W H I T E P A P E R 2 2.1.2 Social Benefits 2.1.2.1 Safety Effects on safety in the transitional period depend largely on the features of automation and on the penetration of vehicles with automated driving capability. One might expect some crashes on motorways to be avoided because of the fast reaction times of highly automated vehicles.
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From page 68... ...
68 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N and of an increase in the attractiveness of long-distance commuting because the time spent in such commuting could be used more productively. An increase in long-distance commuting could promote urban sprawl, although again, the effects would be small at low levels of penetration.
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From page 69... ...
69A P P E N D I X B : C O M M I S S I O N E D W H I T E P A P E R 2 automated vehicle use is desired at all times, to ensure that road surfaces are clean of ice and snow (Innamaa et al.
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From page 70... ...
70 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N 2.2.5 Automotive Industry The costs for vehicle manufacturing may increase owing to the provision of the basic elements of automated driving: • Extended environmental sensing, • Accurate positioning, • Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity, • Need to preserve driver–occupant privacy, and • Need to ensure security.
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From page 71... ...
71A P P E N D I X B : C O M M I S S I O N E D W H I T E P A P E R 2 Another liability-related issue is misuse of the vehicle. A vehicle manufacturer could argue before a court that the vehicle was being misused and therefore should not be found to have a defect.
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From page 72... ...
72 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N port. That in turn would also result in a negative impact on public health and even life expectancy.
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From page 73... ...
73A P P E N D I X B : C O M M I S S I O N E D W H I T E P A P E R 2 travelers to pay for journey time savings in driving, in that car travel will be less costly because the time can be used productively. 3.2.2.2 Safety The impacts on road safety are expected to increase with higher levels of automation, and full automation should assist in the elimination of serious road crashes, as the main risk factor of human error will be totally excluded.
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From page 74... ...
74 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N smoother driving (i.e., fewer harsh accelerations and decelerations and cruising with less flutter in accelerator control than in manual driving)
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From page 75... ...
75A P P E N D I X B : C O M M I S S I O N E D W H I T E P A P E R 2 cross section, which will focus pavement wear on narrow strips along the road, with the result of the formation of wear and deformation ruts on the road. Depending on the percentage of trucks with axles wider than those of automobiles, the ruts may also be wider.
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From page 76... ...
76 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N Automated Driving: Does It Matter What Aspects Are Automated? Human Factors, Vol.
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