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From page 46... ... 5. AIRBORNE LEAD AND AIRCRAFT ACTIVITY DATA COLLECTION AT AIRPORTS During this phase of the project, field studies were conducted at three airports to generate data sets of airborne PM-Pb concentrations to evaluate the emission inventory methodology through dispersion modeling. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... 5.1 Data Collection Overview As indicated above, the field studies -- each nominally one month in duration -- were conducted at each of the three airports by staff from Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL) Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... • Time in Mode for Run-up – Run-up operations were manually observed for 15 hours at each airport. Data collection was scheduled to capture a range of conditions (time of day, day of week) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... prevailing winds. Characteristics for the two secondary sites are described in the airport-specific summaries. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... Twelve-hour integrated PM samples were collected each day. These sampling events were conducted during the 12-hour period of highest piston-engine aircraft activity based on discussions with the airport authorities. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... Table 21 PM Data Collection Summary Parameter Objective RVS APA SMO PM Sampling Events1 20 31 25 25 PM2.5-Pb (two primary sites) 17 31 25 24 PM2.5-Pb and TSP-Pb (two primary sites) Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... Thirty-two PM2.5 sample pairs were collected: 16 at RVS, 4 at APA, and 12 at SMO. Ten TSP sample pairs were collected: four at APA and six at SMO. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... where C is the measured PM2.5-Pb concentration and σ is its uncertainty, both in units of ng/m3. PM2.5-Pb measurement precision of ~0.35 ng/m3 at low concentrations and 12% at high concentrations demonstrate high data quality for use in the model evaluation. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... 5.2 RVS Field Study Figure 8 shows the RVS airport layout. There are three runways: the two north/south runways are used predominantly, while the east/west runway is rarely used. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... LTO activity. PM sampling and aircraft activity data were collected from 8 AM to 8 PM CDT. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... Table 23 RVS Aircraft Activity Data Collection at RVS Date Activity Data Collection VC1 VC2 Tail ID TIM Run-up Comments 03/27/2013 P - 2 0 0 VC1 ran 1200-2000 CDT 03/28/2013 Y - 2 0 0 03/29/2013 Y - 1 1 0 03/30/2013 Y - 2 0 1 03/31/2013 Y - 1 2 0 04/01/2013 Y - 2 0 1 04/02/2013 N - 0 0 0 04/03/2013 Y - 0 2 0 04/04/2013 Y Y 1 0 2 VC2 deployed starting 4/4/2013 04/05/2013 Y P 0 0 0 VC2 ran 0800-1338 CDT 04/06/2013 Y N 0 0 0 VC2 hardware failure 04/07/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 04/08/2013 Y Y 2 0 1 04/09/2013 Y Y 1 0.5 0 04/10/2013 N N 0 0 0 VCs not deployed - severe weather 04/11/2013 Y Y 0 0 1 04/12/2013 Y Y 1 0 0 04/13/2013 Y Y 2 2 0 04/14/2013 Y Y 2 1 1 04/15/2013 Y Y 2 1 0 04/16/2013 Y Y 1 2.5 0 04/17/2013 Y Y 0 1 0 04/18/2013 Y Y 1 0 0 04/19/2013 Y Y 1 0 0 04/20/2013 Y Y 1 0 2 04/21/2013 Y Y 3 1 0 04/22/2013 Y Y 1 1 1 04/23/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 04/24/2013 Y Y 0 0 2 04/25/2013 Y Y 0 0 2 04/26/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 04/27/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 04/28/2013 Y P 1 0 1 VC2 ran 0800-1631 CDT Total Hours 30 15 15 Notes: VC = video camera for time-resolved takeoffs and landings (Y = yes, N = no, P = portion of the 12 hour period) ; Tail ID = still photographs of planes for tail number identification; TIM = time-in-mode data collection (e.g., taxiing, takeoff, climb-out) Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... Figure 9 Hourly Average Operations at RVS – All Aircraft PM sampling was conducted 8 AM to 8 PM CDT Table 24 Distribution of Aircraft Types Identified by Tail ID at RVS Plane Type Count % of Total Piston Single Engine 437 79% Multi Engine 59 11% Turboprop 24 4% Jet 30 5% Note: Based on 30 hours of still photography. Table 25 and Figure 10 summarize the run-up results. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... Table 25 Time in Mode Data Collected for Run-Up Operations at RVS Total Run-Up Magneto Testing Number of Aircraft 109 76 Mean ± Std Dev (sec) 296 ± 150 69 ± 56 Median (sec) Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... TIM data were also manually collected for piston-engine aircraft taxiing, idling, landings, and takeoffs. Fifteen hours of operations were viewed from an observation tower. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... Table 27 Airborne PM Sampling Locations for the RVS Study Site Location with Respect to Nearest Runway Comments North Downwind Primary ~125m NW of 19R For prevailing southerly winds, this site was impacted from runway 19R run-ups and takeoffs, as well as idling and taxiing. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... Table 28 Airborne PM Sampling Configurations and Wind Direction Characteristics at RVS PM Sampling Configuration Wind Direction Frequency and Classification Date N E S W Calm N E S W Winds 03/27/2013 {F,F} F,F 0 2 0 98 0 S 03/28/2013 F,F F,F 0 2 0 98 0 S 03/29/2013 F,F F,F 0 13 13 56 19 var 03/30/2013 F,F F,[F] 0 6 10 83 0 S 03/31/2013 F,F F,F 0 94 6 0 0 N 04/01/2013 F,F F 0 100 0 0 0 N 04/02/2013 no sample collection 0 46 54 0 0 var 04/03/2013 F,F F 0 69 25 4 2 N 04/04/2013 F,F F 0 88 0 0 13 N 04/05/2013 F,F F 4 0 0 85 10 S 04/06/2013 F,[F] Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... samplers were moved ~75 m during the sampling period from a temporary location to their permanent location and the South site samplers did not start until 11 AM. Thus, there are 31 events with valid PM2.5 sample collection at the North and East sites, which is nearly twice the objective of 17 events. Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... Figure 11 Daytime (0800-1959 CDT) 15-minute Average 10m ASOS Winds at RVS, March 25 – April 29, 2013 -62- Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... Table 29 Airborne Pb Concentrations Observed at RVS Pb Concentration, ng/m3 North East Date Primary Collocate Primary Collocate South West 03/27/2013 {49.6} {50.1} 4.3 2.6 03/28/2013 37.7 32.9 2.5 2.4 03/29/2013 19.1 18.3 7.2 8.0 03/30/2013 8.6 8.0 1.2 -- 03/31/2013 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 04/01/2013 3.3 2.2 3.6 04/02/2013 04/03/2013 2.2 2.3 2.9 04/04/2013 6.2 2.8 3.3 04/05/2013 46.9 50.7 3.0 04/06/2013 17.2 -- 3.5 04/07/2013 7.3 7.0 1.4 04/08/2013 14.0 0.8 -- 04/09/2013 18.4 1.4 2.4 04/10/2013 0.5 0.4 0.3 04/11/2013 0.7 1.9 7.6 0.8 04/12/2013 1.9 2.6 29.2 1.8 04/13/2013 33.2 2.3 2.2 -- 04/14/2013 11.0 2.6 1.2 2.1 04/15/2013 1.6 [3.4] Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... Trends for PM-Pb are presented within the context of wind patterns during sample collection. Figure 12 compares PM2.5-Pb at the North and East sites with the data stratified by prevailing wind direction. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... Figure 13 PM2.5-Pb at the North and South Sites Stratified by the Prevailing Wind Direction During Sample Collection at RVS Figure 14 TSP-Pb versus PM2.5-Pb at the North and East Sites -65- Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... 5.2.3 Avgas Data Collection Four avgas samples were collected from the FBOs. Christiansen Aviation Inc. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... The field study was conducted from May 15 to June 10, 2013. Video cameras were deployed to record LTOs starting on April 16. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... Table 30 Aircraft Activity Data Collection at APA Date Activity Data Collection VC1 VC2 Tail ID TIM Runup Comments 05/15/2013 N N 0 0 0 VCs not deployed during PM sampler shakedown 05/16/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 05/17/2013 Y Y 1 0 1 05/18/2013 Y Y 1 2 1 05/19/2013 Y Y 1 1 1 05/20/2013 Y Y 1 0 0 05/21/2013 Y Y 1 1 1 05/22/2013 Y Y 2 1 0 05/23/2013 Y Y 2 0 1 05/24/2013 Y Y 1 1 0 05/25/2013 Y Y 2 0 2 05/26/2013 Y Y 3 1 0 05/27/2013 Y Y 1 1 1 05/28/2013 Y Y 2 0 1 05/29/2013 Y Y 0 1 1 05/30/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 05/31/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 06/01/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 06/02/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 06/03/2013 Y Y 2 0 0 06/04/2013 Y Y 2 1 0 06/05/2013 Y Y 1 1 1 06/06/2013 Y N 1 1 1 VC2 hardware failure 06/07/2013 Y N 0 1 0 VC2 hardware failure 06/08/2013 Y Y 2 0 2 06/09/2013 Y Y 3 0 1 06/10/2013 Y Y 1 2 0 Total Hours 30 15 15 Note: VC = video camera for time-resolved takeoffs and landings (Y = yes, N = no) ; Tail ID = still photographs of planes for tail number identification; TIM = time-in-mode data collection (e.g., taxiing, takeoff, climb-out) Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... Figure 16 Fixed-wing Aircraft Average Hourly Operations at APA PM sampling was conducted 7 AM to 7 PM MDT Table 31 Distribution of Aircraft Types Identified by Tail ID APA Plane Type Count % of Total Piston Single Engine 598 64% Multi Engine 64 7% Turboprop 93 10% Jet 182 19% Note: Based on 30 hours of still photography. Time-in-mode data were manually collected. Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... Table 32 Time in Mode Data Collected for Run-Up Operations at APA Total Run-Up Magneto Testing Number of Aircraft 53 42 Mean ± Std Dev (sec) 1 327 ± 189 97 ± 102 Median (sec) Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... TIM data were also manually collected for piston-engine aircraft taxiing, landings, and takeoffs. Fifteen hours of operations were viewed from an observation tower. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... 5.3.2 Airborne PM-Pb Data Collection PM sampling locations are shown in Figure 15, with key characteristics summarized in Table 34. The Central site is the downwind primary site, with presumably high impacts from run-up and takeoff activities on runway 10 for prevailing southerly winds as well as taxiing on taxiway A Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... Table 34 Airborne PM Sampling Locations for the APA Study Site Location with Respect to Nearest Runway Comments Central Downwind Primary ~250m NW of 10 For prevailing southerly winds, this site was impacted by runway 10 run-ups and takeoffs. It was also impacted by taxi and idle activities around the center of the airport. Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... Table 35 Airborne PM Sampling Configurations and Wind Direction Characteristics at APA Date PM Sampling Configuration Wind Direction Frequency and Classification C E N S CS Calm N E S W Winds 05/15/2013 F F F [F] 2 17 8 19 54 var 05/16/2013 F F F F 0 17 17 33 33 var 05/17/2013 F F F F 6 0 8 46 40 var 05/18/2013 F F F F 2 15 31 6 46 var 05/19/2013 F F F F 0 46 4 8 42 var 05/20/2013 F F F F 4 42 23 23 8 var 05/21/2013 F F F F 0 67 23 10 0 N 05/22/2013 F F F F 4 10 65 6 15 var 05/23/2013 F F F F 0 2 2 96 0 S 05/24/2013 F,T F,T 77% of records missing 05/25/2013 F,T F,T 0 8 4 40 48 var 05/26/2013 F,T F,T 0 29 29 10 31 var 05/27/2013 F,T F,T 0 17 8 33 42 var 05/28/2013 F,T F,T 2 15 4 79 0 S 05/29/2013 F F F F 0 63 31 0 6 var 05/30/2013 F F F F 0 10 0 2 88 W 05/31/2013 F F F F 77% of records missing 06/01/2013 F F F F 0 77 19 4 0 N 06/02/2013 F,T F,T 8 29 42 19 2 var 06/03/2013 F,T F,T 0 15 0 25 60 var 06/04/2013 F,T F,T 0 58 40 0 2 var 06/05/2013 F,T F,T 0 15 85 0 0 E 06/06/2013 F,F F,F 0 67 8 4 21 N 06/07/2013 F,F F,[F] Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... Figure 18 Daytime (0700-1859 MDT) 15-minute Average 10m ASOS winds at APA, May 15 – June 10, 2013 -75- Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Table 36 shows the PM-Pb data for all PM samples as measured by ICP-MS. Two samples were invalidated and explanations are provided in Appendix B Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... Figure 19 compares PM2.5-Pb at the Central and East sites. The minimum ratio of Central site concentration to East site concentration was 2.2. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... Figure 20 shows TSP-Pb versus PM2.5-Pb for the Central and East sites. The highconcentration samples show enrichment of Pb in TSP but most of the Pb is in the PM2.5 size range. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 5.4 SMO Field Study Figure 21 shows the airport layout. There is only one runway at SMO. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... Table 37 Aircraft Activity Data Collection at SMO Date Activity Data Collection VC1 VC2 Tail ID TIM Runup Comments 07/03/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/04/2013 Y Y 1 1 0 07/05/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/06/2013 Y Y 2 2 0 07/07/2013 Y Y 2 1 0 07/08/2013 Y Y 2 0 1 07/09/2013 Y Y 0 1 2 07/10/2013 Y Y 2 2 0 07/11/2013 Y Y 0 1 2 07/12/2013 Y Y 1 1 0 07/13/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/14/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/15/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/16/2013 Y Y 0 0 0 07/17/2013 Y Y 1 0 0 07/18/2013 Y Y 2 0 0 07/19/2013 Y Y 2 0 1 07/20/2013 Y Y 2 0 2 07/21/2013 Y Y 2 1 1 07/22/2013 Y Y 1 2 0 07/23/2013 Y Y 2 1 0 07/24/2013 Y Y 0 0 1 No run-up activity during collection period 07/25/2013 Y Y 2 0 0 07/26/2013 Y Y 2 0 0 07/27/2013 Y Y 2 0 2 07/28/2013 Y Y 2 1 3 07/29/2013 Y Y 1 1 0 07/30/2013 Y Y 0 0 1 Total Hours 30 15 15 Note: VC = video camera for time-resolved takeoffs and landings (Y = yes, N = no) ; Tail ID = still photographs of planes for tail number identification; TIM = time-in-mode data collection (e.g., taxiing, takeoff, climb-out) Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... the North site during each 12-hour sampling event to record LTOs. One camera was set up to determine the number of LTOs, while a second camera was set up to enhance runup time characterization. Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Figure 22 Piston-Engine Aircraft Average Hourly Operations at SMO Note: PM sampling was conducted from 8 AM to 8 PM PDT. Table 38 Distribution of Aircraft Types Identified by Tail ID at SMO Plane Type Count % of Total Piston Single Engine 447 78% Multi Engine 11 2% Turboprop 32 6% Jet 81 14% Note: Based on 30 hours of still photography. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... Figure 23 Time-in-Mode Data for Total Time in the Run-Up Area and Duration of Magneto Testing at SMO (a) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... Table 40 Summary of Time-in-Mode and Location of Aircraft Landing and Takeoff Operations at SMO Activity/Location Mean Time (s) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... Table 41 Airborne PM Sampling Locations for the SMO Study Site Location with Respect to Nearest Runway Comments Northeast Downwind Primary ~100m N of 21 For prevailing southwesterly winds, this site was impacted from runway 21 run-ups and takeoffs. It was also significantly impacted by taxiing and idling on Taxiways A and B Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Table 42 Airborne PM Sampling Configurations and Wind Direction Characteristics at SMO PM Sampling Configuration Wind Direction Frequency and Classification Date NE SW N W Calm NW NE SE SW Winds 07/03/2013 F F 0 0 0 2 98 SW 07/04/2013 F F F 0 0 0 4 96 SW 07/05/2013 F F F 4 0 6 10 79 SW 07/06/2013 F F F 0 2 0 4 94 SW 07/07/2013 F,T F,T 0 0 0 0 100 SW 07/08/2013 F,T F,T 0 0 0 0 100 SW 07/09/2013 F,T F,T 0 0 0 2 98 SW 07/10/2013 F,T F,T 0 6 0 4 90 SW 07/11/2013 F,T F,T 2 0 0 21 77 SW 07/12/2013 F F F F 0 0 0 19 81 SW 07/13/2013 [F] Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... Figure 24 Daytime (0800-1959 PDT) 15-minute Average 10m ASOS Winds at SMO, July 3 – 30, 2013 -87- Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... Wind direction persistence was examined by assigning each 15-minute average wind direction to a quadrant centered on the wind directions midway between the cardinal directions. A wind direction was assigned to a sampling event if at least two-thirds of the 15-minute average winds were from a given quadrant; otherwise, the winds were deemed to be variable. Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... Table 43 Airborne Pb Concentrations Observed at SMO Pb Concentration, n/m3 Northeast Southwest Date Primary Collocate Primary Collocate North West 07/03/2013 29.0 1.7 07/04/2013 16.9 < 0 3.3 07/05/2013 < 0 3.3 6.8 07/06/2013 36.8 3.7 8.6 07/07/2013 27.5 [35.3] Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... Figure 25 PM2.5-Pb at the Northeast and Southeast Sites at SMO Note that the y-axis range is 20 times the x-axis range. Figure 26 shows TSP-Pb versus PM2.5-Pb for the Northeast and Southwest sites. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... Figure 26 TSP-Pb versus PM2.5-Pb at the Northeast and Southwest Sites at SMO 5.4.3 Avgas Data Collection Because the SMO FBOs that sell avgas declined to provide gasoline samples, two avgas samples were collected from SMO-based planes. One sample was collected from an aircraft that had recently refueled at the American Flyers FBO and another sample was collected from an aircraft that was under maintenance (at Bill's Air Center) Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... observations occurred outside the 12-hour video data collection period. For APA, this still leaves a difference of ~30% between the video data and ATADS data. Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... 5.6.1 PM2.5 Br/Pb Ratios Halide compounds such as ethylene dibromide and ethylene dichloride are part of the tetraethyl lead (TEL) additive blended into avgas. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Figure 28 PM2.5 Br and Pb Measured by XRF and Stratified by Airport Figure 29 PM2.5 Br and Pb Measured by XRF and Stratified as Samples with High or Low Expected Impacts from Aircraft Exhaust -94- Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... Ca-Pb, respectively) Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Figure 30 shows the 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb ratios for all airborne PM samples collected in this study with the data stratified by airport. All of the samples lie along a line, albeit it with some scatter, which generally supports the notion of a two-source model for Pb. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... scheme used for the Br/Pb ratios analysis was used for this analysis. Most of the highimpact samples are clustered towards the avgas end member, whereas most low-impact samples are at greater distances from the avgas end member. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... Figure 32 Pb Isotope Ratios Collocated PM Samples Collected at the Three Airports (a) Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... Figure 33 Pb Total Concentration versus the 208Pb/206Pb Ratio for PM Samples Collected at the Three Airports Table 44 summarizes the key attributes for each of the three SMO studies. Both the SCAQMD and ICF studies performed wintertime and summertime campaigns, and in both cases PM-Pb concentrations were higher in the winter than the summer. Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... Table 44 Measurement Attributes for the Three Airborne PM-Pb studies at SMO Parameter Study SCAQMD1 EPA/ICF2 ACRP Sampling Period April-July 2006 (12 wks) Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... Figure 34 Sampling Locations for the SCAQMD, ICF, and ACRP PM-Pb Studies winds during the summertime. However, the precise locations are not identical across the three studies and this could lead to significant differences in measured concentrations because this is a zone of steep concentration gradients. Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... Table 45 TSP-Pb (ng/m3) Summary Statistics for the SCAQMD, ICF, and ACRP Summertime Studies Site Northeast West Southwest Study SCAQMD1 ICF2 ACRP3 SCAQMD ICF ACRP SCAQMD ICF ACRP Number of Samples 12 7 27 32 7 5 31 - 28 Mean 85 49 39 4 3 3 5 - 2 Median 84 53 36 3 4 2 4 - 1 Maximum 135 62 93 14 6 10 18 - 6 Minimum 27 34 Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... Despite these potential confounders, the PM-Pb concentration data are generally consistent across the three studies. While the measurements are not directly comparable to the Pb NAAQS because of differences in data collection averaging times, it is noted that none of the summertime 12- or 24-hour samples had a TSP-Pb concentration above the three-month average NAAQS of 150 ng/m3 and study mean concentrations were 2557% of that value. Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... with expected low impacts. Furthermore, PM-Pb isotopic compositions for the high-impact sites are consistent with avgas samples collected at the airports, while the isotopic compositions for the low-impact sites are generally consistent with resuspended soil samples collected at the airports. Read the entire page →

From page 46...

... 5. AIRBORNE LEAD AND AIRCRAFT ACTIVITY DATA COLLECTION AT AIRPORTS During this phase of the project, field studies were conducted at three airports to generate data sets of airborne PM-Pb concentrations to evaluate the emission inventory methodology through dispersion modeling.