Properties of Foamed Asphalt for Warm Mix Asphalt Applications (2015) / Chapter Skim
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3 C H A P T E R 1 A Introduction Hot mix asphalt (HMA)
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4the aggregate at low temperatures and to remain workable at reduced placement temperatures. WMA production in the United States has increased exponentially in recent years, from 19.2 million tons [17.4 million metric tons (mt)
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5 system composed of a gas and a liquid (typically) , which when broken down leaves a homogenous liquid phase (Pugh 2005)
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6after carbon dioxide injection for a specific interval of time; (2) foam stability height (HS)
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7 tics. Koehler et al.
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8turns to steam in atmospheric pressure, it expands by a factor of about 1,600, but in binder the steam is confined by the pressure of the liquid and the size of the pipe or vessel in which the foaming is initiated. Once the foamed liquid is released in the asphalt mixing chamber (drum or pugmill)
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9 dure. Such a procedure relates the bubble growth process with the material properties such as surface tension, relaxation time, viscosity, and gas diffusivity, as well as process parameters such as temperature, gas concentration, and the system pressure.
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10 units use either air-atomized water or pressurized water in an expansion chamber.
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11 line. At this point the binder line may be enlarged to accommodate the increased volume, or its cross-sectional area may remain the same, in which case the pressure is considerably increased.
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12 the use of a polymer-modified binder (PG76-22) required that the average temperature of HMA production needed to be at 350°F (175°C)
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13 effect of selected variables on binder foaming characteristics (expansion/collapse, bubble size, and shear behavior) , a comparison of laboratory foamers, and a description of the effects of foaming on workability and coatability of asphalt mixtures.
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