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From page 9... ... 10 chapter two LITERATURE REVIEW OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview of the specific industries involved with energy development and their activities related to transportation throughout the United States. The information reported will assist in defining context to the types of energy development, the magnitude of their activities, and the extent to which they are impacting roads and bridges both on and off the National Highway System. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... 11 Coal Coal is a nonrenewable fossil fuel produced worldwide, formed when millions of years of pressure and heat turn the remains of prehistoric forests and swamps into coal (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... 12 governments with stronger pre-existing infrastructure compared with the rural roads originally designed for the movement of light traffic or farm equipment. The study concluded that, on the whole, recent energy development has provided net fiscal benefits to local governments. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... 13 TABLE 3 ENERGY SECTORS BY STATE State Coal Mining Natural Gas Oil Biofuels Wind Solar Nuclear Alabama X X X X X Alaska X X X X X Arizona X X X X X X X Arkansas X X X X X California X X X X X X Colorado X X X X X X Connecticut X X Delaware X X X Florida X X X X X Georgia X X X Hawaii X X X Idaho X X Illinois X X X X X X X Indiana X X X X X X Iowa X X X Kansas X X X X X X Kentucky X X X X X Louisiana X X X X X Maine X X Maryland X X X X X X Massachusetts X X X X Michigan X X X X X Minnesota X X X Mississippi X X X X X Missouri X X X X X X Montana X X X X Nebraska X X X X X Nevada X X X X X New Hampshire X X X New Jersey X X X X New Mexico X X X X X X New York X X X X X X North Carolina X X X North Dakota X X X X X Ohio X X X X X X X Oklahoma X X X X X (continued on next page) Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... 14 traffic loadings. Using the AASHTO pavement design equation for structural number and the nomographs, it was estimated that most pavements on low-volume roads would service truckloads from the oil and gas activities, suitable for approximately 40 trucks per day average daily truck traffic (ADTT) Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 15 county road was observed to have developed rutting more than 1 inch deep. For biofuel plants, road damage occurs not only during plant construction but is ongoing as a result of the continual hauling of raw product to the plant and finished products to market. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... 16 Pennsylvania Bloser and Ziegler (2013) reported that environmental concerns arise as a result of roadway deterioration resulting from energy development, including surface water problems. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... 17 Texas The Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin reported that the truck traffic impacts of the wind industry on the transportation system is causing increased damage to the pavement structure when shifting from higher to lower functional roadway classes (Prozzi et al. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... 18 ing in the condition of paved roads because these roadways can deteriorate more quickly and irrecoverably. Advancements in oil and gas technology have led to an increase in oil and gas production in the Niobrara shale formation located in parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 19 ing more prevalent in stabilizing renewable energy access roads throughout the world. These roads must withstand the short-term heavy loading and sustain low-volume maintenance vehicle access more than 25 to 50 years. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 20 the energy production site. Because this was not the shortest route, considerable traffic began using other county roads as shortcuts, and although most of the loaded trucks used the appropriate state route to the site, they returned along county roads which were not designed for the loads carried. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 21 the period during which hauling activities take place. When a heavy hauler wishes to exit its EMA, it must return the roadway to either the original condition or a better condition. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... 22 significant on each road mile. Using this buffer analysis, it was estimated that the oil and gas industry is having a $1 billion annual impact on secondary roads. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 23 land resources for a variety of uses, such as energy development, livestock grazing, recreation, and timber harvesting, while protecting a wide array of natural, cultural, and historical resources, many of which are found in the BLM's 27 million-acre National Landscape Conservation System. The website also showed that the BLM has a source document entitled the Surface Operating Standards and Guidelines for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development, commonly referred to as "The Gold Book" for use by the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... 24 roads that are deeper than 3 inches) and restore the roadway surface to the USFS road standards. Read the entire page →

From page 9...

... 10 chapter two LITERATURE REVIEW OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview of the specific industries involved with energy development and their activities related to transportation throughout the United States. The information reported will assist in defining context to the types of energy development, the magnitude of their activities, and the extent to which they are impacting roads and bridges both on and off the National Highway System.