Estimating the Economic Impact of Air Cargo Operations at Airports, Part 1: User’s Guidebook and Part 2: Research Report (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Part 2: Research Report
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CONTENTS Part 2: Research Report Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................
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The Merchandise Import/Export Dataset ............................................................. 2-47 The T100 Dataset .................................................................................................
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Cargo Screening Impacts ................................................................................. 2-C-11 Impacts of Jet Fuel Price Fluctuations .............................................................
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List of Tables Table ES-1. Characteristics of the CFS, T100, Import/Export, and FAF Datasets .................
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Table C-15. Shipment Characteristics by Two-Digit Commodity and Mode of Transportation for Metropolitan Area of Origin: 2007 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN (KY part)
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Table C-46. Employment and Payroll of Commodity-producing Industries by Commodity, New York State portion of NYC Metropolitan Area, 2007 .......
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Air cargo has become an increasingly important sector in the transportation services industry. The air cargo industry and its related support elements play a key role in the globalization of supply chains, enabling logistics and supply managers to shrink the delivery timeline so geographically distant markets are being served in less time.
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Table ES-1. Characteristics of the CFS, T100, Import/Export, and FAF Datasets Main Category Detailed Category CFS T100 Import/Export FAF Air cargo data Weight Yes Yes Yes Yes Value Yes No Yes Yes Detailed commodity 2 digit No 10-digit harmonized system Same as CFS Low-value/ weight goods <100 lbs.
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Economic impacts of air cargo operations can reach a region through four principal channels. First, there are the effects of the activities that take place on the airport.
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when applying this approach while estimating the economic impacts of air cargo operations at five airports: Houston, Texas (IAH)
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Figure ES-1. ACRP 03-16 Analytical Framework 2-xi
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Data collection consisted of two main activities: a) conducting surveys that includes design of surveys, sample selection, and interviews; and b)
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• For letter-type of packages, there is no coverage for value data in any sources, except that their weight data are included in the T100 data. • For industries not covered by the CFS, though imports and exports data are available with a better geographic representation and shipment characteristics (commodity, weight, and value)
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Air cargo services occupy a special place in modern supply chains, carrying the most valuable, most perishable, and most urgent shipments across the nation and the world. From necessities such as pharmaceuticals to luxuries such as exotic flowers, air cargo services shrink time and space to link customers to distant sources quickly, efficiently, and reliably.
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operations to their communities and regions. The primary metric of this value is economic impact: the direct, indirect, and induced income and employment generated by the industry.
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techniques used to assess economic impacts and methods developed for estimating the impact of fluctuations in fuel prices and enhanced screening requirements on the air cargo industry. • Chapter 5 summarizes the results of the case studies.
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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND The Air Cargo Industry and its Role in the Supply Chain The air cargo industry plays a key and growing role in the globalization and evolution of supply chains and has enabled supply chain managers to shrink their firms' "time-space continuum." Firms are able to cover wider markets both nationally and internationally since air cargo makes it possible for them to quickly fulfill the needs of their customers in a cost-effective manner. Part of the air cargo industry's growth can be attributed to the growth of internet and web applications, which have driven supply chains to new levels of efficiency.
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This chapter is organized as follows: • Section 2.1 describes the services provided by key participants of the air cargo industry • Section 2.2 presents an overview of the fundamentals regarding how cargo are shipped • Section 2.3 discusses trends in the air cargo industry • Section 2.4 focuses analysis of air cargo usage • Section 2.5 addresses value-added logistics activities related to air cargo • Section 2.6 describes key drivers in airport selection • Section 2.7 discusses the impact of Integrators • Section 2.8 analyzes the linkage between air cargo and the supply chain • Section 2.9 examines air cargo success factors. Participants of the Air Cargo Industry Air cargo services involve many parties to ensure air cargo is shipped on time and safely from one place to another, either domestically or internationally.
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heavy cargo that are comprised of a mix of air, truck and intermodal. Integrators typically own and operate aircraft or lease on a dedicated basis.
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Air cargo shipments begin with the shipper. This can be an individual or a major manufacturer, regardless shippers have the option of taking a product directly to a carrier or alternatively using a third party logistics provider, like a freight forwarder to select the best shipping options and handle all related coordination.
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Competition among the integrated carriers is driven by guaranteed overnight (or other time definite) delivery to almost any location.
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ACRP Project No. 03-16 July 2014 Final Report Table 1.
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As shown in Figure 1, air cargo generated by the United States dominates the volume shipped from North America. Still, North America as a whole ranked second in air freight volume (In terms of outbound and domestic cargo shipments)
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Source: Boeing World Air Cargo Forecast (2012-2013)
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evening departure peaks that are targeted to allow shipments to reach destination markets for early morning distribution. The size of the gateways enables them to address the diverse airside and landside needs of a large cargo community.
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E-Commerce: Many of the shipments generated by home shopping networks, catalogue shopping, and most recently, e-commerce, require specialized facilities for efficient processing and expedited delivery. Accordingly, these shipments have a greater tendency to move by air or expedited trucking.
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volumes of luggage. The 747-800 freighters, however, will require more Code F apron and have operational constraints at a number of airports.
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2008 and into 2009, a smaller spike occurred between September 2010 and September 2011 when prices rose by 43 percent from $2.19 to $3.14 per gallon (BTS 2014)
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and service expansion. In this process, some shippers shifted to using lower-cost modes of transportation where they could still provide acceptable levels of service and product availability to clients.
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on facility volumes and diversity of the shipping base, this translates into the need for a separate screening facility (if physically and operationally feasible) , modifications to an airport's infrastructure to include separation of truck and passenger vehicle traffic to and/or on the airport, further separation of vehicles in the air cargo areas, and modifications of the buildings and surrounding roadways to allow for a smooth flow of vehicles, easy truck parking, and minimal potential obstructions caused by queuing.
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relevant airport facilities. Overall, as the air cargo market expands and volumes continue to grow, international belly cargo will remain viable but has become more expensive than in the past.
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may shift more operations off-airport or seek an alternate airport where other truck traffic is not as heavy, from which to operate. Ground Handlers: While ground-handling companies have little to do with the entry and exit of goods into the system, handling company employees have access to cargo when it is onloaded and off-loaded from aircraft and trucks, and in the warehouse prior to and after shipment.
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The Cargo Village: Perhaps the most visible and discussed recent phenomenon in the air cargo industry is the emergence of the "Cargo Village." Despite its increasing popularity, this is simply a new name for an on-airport logistics complex. It can include virtually any element of the air cargo industry, but given restrictions on commercial development at most airports, is best focused on carriers, forwarders, customs brokers, and other directly supporting services as opposed to manufacturing and assembly.
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The industry outside the European community has resisted this policy change. The added costs will lead to higher fares and air cargo charges which will reduce the growth of the industry.
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centers to maintain next-day service levels. These regional centers would lose the benefit of the industry's economies of scale that justify the use of more-efficient specialized equipment and enable reduced delivery costs of the industry's raw materials and components.
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Pharmaceutical/Bio-medical Products Customized surgical operating kits contain high-value instruments packaged under strict environmental controls. Air freight enables medical distributors and hospitals to maintain high service levels and to control inventory-carrying cost by centrally locating kitting facilities.
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Large freight forwarders build on hub systems at international gateways and major metropolitan markets. The need to feed a large hub consolidation center perpetuates a hub and spoke system and makes it more difficult for a new regional airport to emerge as a competitor.
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operating their own cargo aircraft they also are not subject to TSA screening that is required for cargo on passenger aircraft, which yields further cost-reducing benefits. Analysis of Linkage between Air Cargo and Supply Chain The previous discussion details activities along the basic elements of the supply chain where at each level of supply, production and commodity delivery air cargo services may be involved.
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Table 3. Top 20 Industries in Intensity of Use of Air Transportation Rank Name of Major Sector Name of Detailed Industry % of Total Air Transportation Rank Name of Major Sector Name of Detailed Industry % of Total Air Transportation 1 Wholesale trade Wholesale trade 5.2 11 Professional Services Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 1.9 2 Finance and Insurance Monetary authorities and depository credit intermediation 4.1 12 Real Estate Real estate 1.9 3 Finance and Insurance Non-depository credit intermediation and related activities 3.1 13 Admin.
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An interesting observation can be made for the trucking sector. Although the trucking sector provides land transportation, it uses air transportation extensively.
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Table 4. Top 10 Manufacturing Industries with Top 5 Manufacturing Suppliers Manufacturing Industry Key Suppliers Manufacturing Industry Key Suppliers Printing • Paper mills • Coated and laminated paper, packaging paper and plastics film manufacturing • Petroleum refineries • Support activities for printing • Paperboard mills Petroleum refineries • Oil and gas extraction • Support activities for oil and gas operations • Other basic organic chemical manufacturing • Valve and fittings other than plumbing • Motor vehicle parts manufacturing Motor vehicle parts manufacturing • Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing • Nonferrous metal foundries • Ferrous metal foundries • Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing • Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing Other basic organic chemical manufacturing • Petroleum refineries • Petrochemical manufacturing • Plastics material and resin manufacturing • All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing • All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing Other plastics product manufacturing • Plastics material and resin manufacturing • Other basic organic chemical manufacturing • Petrochemical manufacturing • Plastics packaging materials and unlaminated film and sheet manufacturing • Petroleum refineries Machine shops • Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing • Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing • Nonferrous metal foundries • Aluminum product manufacturing from purchased aluminum • Ferrous metal foundries Animal (except poultry)
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Manufacturing Industry Key Suppliers Manufacturing Industry Key Suppliers Aircraft manufacturing • Aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing • Other aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment manufacturing • Search, detection, and navigation instruments manufacturing • Semiconductor and related device manufacturing • Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing Light truck and utility vehicle manufacturing • Motor vehicle parts manufacturing • Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing • Semiconductor and related device manufacturing • Other plastics product manufacturing • Other engine equipment manufacturing Source: The 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts, Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. Department of Commerce.
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Air Cargo Success Factors As the industry undergoes major changes, the basic ingredients of an airport's successful air cargo operation have remained essentially intact. These factors have played major roles in the success of gateways to date.
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continues to shrink and the integrators are pursuing a larger share of the international business as well. Typically, these segments of the industry cluster on or near the transportation facility they wish to utilize.
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The economic effects of an airport's cargo operations, whatever their form, can reach the community through four principal channels. First, there are the effects of the activities that take place on the airport.
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This cycle of direct, indirect, and induced spending does not go on forever. It continues until the spending eventually leaks out of the economy as a result of taxes, savings, or purchases of non-locally produced goods and services or "imports".
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CHAPTER 3 ISSUES IN STUDYING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR CARGO To examine economic impact of air cargo, it is not only necessary to articulate the magnitude and nature of the air cargo business itself, but also to describe its potential effects on the complicated economic systems that it generates. The analysis of the air cargo industry, its role in the supply chain and the economic impact of air cargo is reviewed in Chapter 2.
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Despite high shipping costs relative to other modes, air cargo has been frequently selected for delivering commodities with high value and that have tight time-definite delivery windows. In addition, air freighters often handle perishable goods and emergency deliveries for unexpected shortages.
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by volatility in fuel prices, industries on supply chains have intensified their explorations into increased use of ground transportation to supplant air transport. In some instances, trucks have replaced air freight for shipments that require overnight delivery across distances as far as 800 miles.
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(Lieb and Bentz 2007) , 3PLs are facing (1)
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Economic Impact Studies of Air Cargo Services Measurements of economic contribution made by air cargo services include two parts. In the first part, the economic impact of air cargo services is measured as described in Section 2.3 for measuring economic impacts of airports.
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can measure the results of economic changes in terms of jobs, labor compensation, GDP, industry receipts (often the value of shipments) , and even local, state, and federal tax revenues; and (4)
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the analyst can perform sensitivity analyses on various values of certain key elasticities. But in some cases, particularly for dynamic CGE models, which conceptually could substitute for SETS models, the data are lacking to econometrically estimate some key components equations.
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producing industry, the primary metals sector will call suppliers from its supply chain. In the literature, production by the auto-producing industry is labeled a "first round" response, while actions taken by the primary metals sector is a "second round" response.
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aircraft. To relieve the burden on airports and air carriers, TSA created the Certified Cargo Screening Program (CCSP)
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Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Rule Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations concerning air cargo are primarily aimed at enhancing the integrity and safety of the aircraft.
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• The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)
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• Intermodal connections may be underrepresented because shippers do not know modal changes in shipping routes. • The commodities reported by the CFS at a region-to-region level are limited to commodities classified at 2-digit of the Standard Classification of Traded Goods (SCTG5)
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Table 5. Characteristics of the CFS, T100, Import/Export, and FAF Datasets Main Category Detailed Category CFS T100 Import/Export FAF Air cargo data Weight Yes Yes Yes Yes Value Yes No Yes Yes Detailed commodity 2 digit No 10-digit harmonized system Same as CFS Low-value/ weight goods <100 lbs.
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The Merchandise Import/Export Dataset Census Bureau's Merchandise Import/Export dataset contains information that can be used to fill the first two gaps in the CFS related to international trade. The air cargo data available from the Import/Export dataset include values and weights of the international shipments at the detailed 10-digit commodity level.
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coverage of air freight. Furthermore, the T100 dataset provides actual entry/exit points as opposed to customs districts.
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As a virtual census of all commodities shipped by air, the FAS might be a valuable source of information on air cargo flows. In particular, the FAS data may be supplemental to shipments missed in the CFS surveys.
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• "Surveys of air cargo carriers, freight forwarders, or selected shippers will typically take the form of an in-person interview. Respondents may be able to provide useful information in general terms, even if they are not willing to provide detailed data on individual shipments." • "There is little experience to draw upon, and therefore virtually no standard practices that can be applied, or modified, for a particular airport.
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Some airports with large numbers of carriers and large amount of cargo have local air cargo associations and annual (or more frequent) cargo conferences.
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• Commodity code • Passenger, express and all-cargo airlines serving the airport • Forecasted air cargo growth rates While the airport likely has the information readily available, it may reside with different offices or departments. Employment for tenants may be estimated from security badging counts, which can be obtained from the airport security manager.
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cargo to maximize the overall percentage of cargo volume represented by completed surveys. Local station managers or sales managers may have authorization to provide only basic information on volumes and employment, but not any speculative information (e.g., forecasts, how the cargo might be transported if this airport could not accommodate the volumes, or how the cargo volumes might change due to price increases)
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• Air cargo value as percent of total cargo value handled in area • Top ten commodity codes • Estimates of customer reactions (change in volume) to price increases for: o Cargo-only air cargo o Belly air cargo o Other modes • Estimates of customer reactions (change in volume)
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The initial survey for shippers (provided in Appendix B) included the following: • Total numbers of employees within the specific economic region • Company/industry NAICS code • Annual air cargo handled in area, by: o Weight and/or monetary value o Cargo-only airlines vs passenger belly cargo o Inbound/outbound o Domestic/international • Air cargo value as percent of total cargo value handled in area • Top five commodity codes shipped by their business • Estimates of company shipping reactions (change in volume)
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CHAPTER 4 EMPLOYING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT METHODOLOGIES This chapter presents an analytical framework for estimating the economic impacts of air cargo at airports. The chapter begins with an overview of the analytical framework and discussion of the process used to select the case study airports in Section 4.1 and extends to cover the following subjects: • Economic impact concepts or the decisions made prior to estimating economic impacts.
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Figure 4. Basic Components of the Analytical Framework 2-58
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Most of the data related to the direct impact of air cargo services are not readily available from sources released by government agencies either because of disclosure related issues or because they have not been collected. Surveys to airports, air carriers, freight forwarders and air transportation service providers, and shippers were used to help obtain data related to the direct economic impacts such as jobs and wages.
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Below are the detailed discussions of each criterion. Geographic Dispersion Four regions as defined by the U.S.
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intense air freight transshipments. In 2011, the combined volume of air cargo shipments by these two integrator hubs was more than 12.9 billion pounds, or roughly 22.4 percent of the total air cargo shipped by all airports.
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Airports Selected Based on the criteria set up for selecting sample airports for case studies, the following five airports were selected: • JFK in New York, NY • SDF in Louisville, KY • RNO in Reno, NV • MCI in Kansas City, MO • IAH in Houston, TX These airports represent a sample of major hubs, special types of large airports, and major regional airports in diversified regions. Each airport has its characteristics and specialties, which are summarized in Table 6.
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This section of the report discusses the following topics: • Types of tools/models that are capable of conducting economic impact analysis • Advantages and disadvantages of the models • Selection of tools for economic impact analysis of air cargo. Types of Tools and Models Four types of economic models have been commonly used for economic impact analysis.
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much art as it is economic science. Due to the unique characteristics economics, relationships are not typically transferable from one economy to the next.
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the multiplier report generated by the RIMS II model, users order online at BEA's website and pay a small fee. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the limitation that I-O models are unable to effectively capture price effects (if at all)
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economic impact analysis of air cargo services be able to handle issues that will handle changes in the industry's pricing and cost structures. In this vein, the SETS and CGE models would work for an analysis of the industry.
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Tools and Techniques Used in the Case Studies Measuring the economic impact of the cargo activity at the airport involves tracing the linkages between the airport's cargo activity level, expressed in terms of airport operations and air cargo volumes, and the sectors of the economy that interact with them. These linkages produce the "direct," or initial round of economic impact.
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air cargo at an airport and responses by organizations if the airport shuts down air cargo services, new and proposed security and other regulations, and changes in fuel prices. Before designing a sample framework for the surveys, it was important to define the catchment area that covered by an airport for air cargo services.
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The team completed surveys from five passenger carriers and UPS, representing over 98 percent of the cargo volume. Also, three freight forwarders completed surveys, and employment data were obtained from the major third-party ground handlers.
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In efforts to gather as many surveys as possible, the research team attended a monthly meeting of the JFK Air Cargo Association (www.jfkaircargo.org)
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Table 7. Estimated Employment by Industry Group, IAH (2010)
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Table 8. Total Air Exports from NY Portion of NYC MSA, 2007 SCTG Total Out Air Total Tons in 2007 (Thousands)
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Table 9. Employment and Payroll of Commodity-producing Industries by Commodity, New York State portion of NYC Metropolitan Area, 2007 SCTG Description LQ Emp.
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local economy, suggesting again that many of the goods exiting from JFK have their origins outside the study region. Table 10 shows payroll of the production sectors that were identified as producing goods for export via air freight.
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The I-O models can be built for any regions composed of counties, and all require users to specify the regions of analysis before renting/purchasing. Therefore, the first action is to define the regions, which can be a single county or a combination of counties to be covered by the models.
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Step 3. Translate these costs into price impacts.
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volume variable. An inquiry was made to the US Department of Transportation (US DOT)
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The parameter estimates in Table 11 give the observed relationship between air cargo demand and the selected explanatory variables. Of the four selected inputs (not counting the intercept)
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Table 12. Air Cargo Price Elasticity at Case Study Airports Airport Elasticity Measure IAH -0.23 JFK -0.96 MCI -1.02 RNO N/A SDF -1.15 Estimating the Compliance Costs Associated with the TSA 100 Percent Screening Rule To determine the economic impacts of reduced air cargo operations on local regions, it was necessary to determine the screening costs associated with the 100 percent screening rule.
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Figure 5. TSA Estimated Total Direct Costs of Complying with the 100 Percent Screening Rule The results presented in Figure 5 suggest there are strong incentives for airlines with small cargo operations to seek third-party screeners who can take advantage of economies of scale to reduce the screening price.
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Translate Costs into Price Impacts and Estimate the Impact of Increased Prices on Demand To determine the economic impact of the 100 percent screening rule, the costs presented in the previous section must be translated into price impacts in percentage terms. Using the model outlined in this report, price impacts are translated into demand impacts, which are then fed into the input-output models (e.g., IMPLAN, RIMS II)
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Table 13. Estimated Impact of Increase Prices on Demand for Air Cargo Airport Reduction in Freight On-board Passenger Aircraft Air Cargo On-board Passenger Aircraft as Share of Total Freight Reductions in Total Freight TSA Analysis Industry Estimates TSA Analysis Industry Estimates IAH -1.4% -2.0% 47.1% -0.6% -0.9% JFK -5.7% -8.2% 46.1% -2.7% -3.8% MCI -6.1% -8.7% 6.8% -0.4% -0.6% RNO*
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The negative economic effects reduce the economic output of the industry. Had the regulation applied to only the modeled airport, the impact would only be associated with enplaned pounds.
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Table 15. Summary of Stepwise Regression Step Variable Entered Variable Removed Partial RSquare Model RSquare F Value Pr>F 1 post_flag 0.0472 0.9322 56.44 <.0001 2 anom_flag 0.0210 0.9533 36.01 <.0001 3 pasenplanedd 0.0091 0.9624 19.16 <.0001 4 Lrailrev 0.0025 0.9649 5.65 0.0199 5 q3_flag 0.0016 0.9666 3.80 0.0550 6 q2_flag 0.0036 0.9701 9.03 0.0036 7 lrailrev 0.0009 0.9693 2.21 0.1412 8 Lrealjetfuel 0.0014 0.9706 3.59 0.0619 9 q1_flag 0.0012 0.9719 3.30 0.0733 Results of the final jet fuel price elasticity model are summarized in Table 16.
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Table 17. Jet Fuel Price Elasticity Parameter Estimates Variable Parameter Estimate T Value Pr > |t| Intercept 2.50542 0.49 0.6286 lgdp05 0.62514 3.54 0.0007 q1_flag -0.04974 -1.82 0.0733 q2_flag -0.12919 -4.22 <.0001 q3_flag -0.13259 -4.24 <.0001 anom_flag 0.45435 8.84 <.0001 post_flag 0.56740 12.18 <.0001 lrealjetfuel -0.07539 -2.06 0.0433 pasenplanedd 7.313436E-9 6.32 <.0001 Table 18 presents the impacts of a 10, 20, and 30 percent increase in jet fuel prices on demand for air cargo at each of the five case study airports.
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the direct impacts of expanding air cargo freight capacity at the airport, plus the additional economic activity generated by these direct changes. These indirect and induced effects are why the additional impacts are often called multipliers.
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The BEA has developed input-output (I-O) models for any United States regions composed of counties, and requires users to specify the regions of analysis before renting/purchasing.
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for most items or the number of jobs for the additional employment provided. This then generates up to three columns (3, 4, and 5, below)
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CHAPTER 5 FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES This report evaluates the air cargo industry and its role in the supply chain, and presents a methodology for estimating the regional economic impacts of air cargo operations. In preparing the case studies presented in Appendix B, several data and modeling gaps were identified and evaluated.
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Opportunity cost is one of the important parts of the economic impacts related to air cargo that has not been fully addressed in this research. Opportunity cost being the difference in value between the alternative chosen and the alternative forgone.
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REFERENCES Adkins, L.C., D.S. Rickman, and A
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Elias, B., Air Cargo Security, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Updated July 30, 2007. Elias, B., Aviation Security: Background and Policy Options for Screening and Securing Air Cargo, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, February 25, 2008.
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Lynch, T., Analyzing the Economic Impact of Transportation Projects using RIMS II, IMPLAN and REMI.
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Shoven, John B and John Whalley, Applying General Equilibrium.
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Table A-1. Regions and Gateways Covered by the CFS and the FAF # Region # Region # Region # Region 1 AL - Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman 34 IN - Remainder of Indiana 67 NY - Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Tonawanda 100 TX - San Antonio 2 AL - Remainder of Alabama 35 IA - Iowa 68 NY - New York-Newark-Bridgeport 101 TX - Remainder of Texas 3 AK – Alaska 36 KS - Kansas City 69 NY - Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls 102 UT - Salt Lake City-Ogden-Clearfield 4 AZ - Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale 37 KS - Remainder of Kansas 70 NY - Remainder of New York 103 UT - Remainder of Utah 5 AZ – Tucson 38 KY - Louisville-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg 71 NC - Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury 104 VT - Vermont 6 AZ - Remainder of Arizona 39 KY - Remainder of Kentucky 72 NC - Greensboro -- Winston-Salem -- High Point 105 VA - Richmond 7 AR – Arkansas 40 LA - New Orleans-Metairie-Bogalusa 73 NC - Raleigh-Durham-Cary 106 VA - Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News 8 CA - Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside 41 LA - Remainder of Louisiana 74 NC - Remainder of North Carolina 107 VA - Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia 9 CA - San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos 42 ME – Maine 75 ND - North Dakota 108 VA - Remainder of Virginia 10 CA - Sacramento -- Arden-Arcade -- Truckee 43 MD - Baltimore-Towson 76 OH - Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington 109 WA - Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia 11 CA - San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland 44 MD - Washington-Arlington-Alexandria 77 OH - Cleveland-Akron-Elyria 110 WA - Remainder of Washington 12 CA - Remainder of California 45 MD - Remainder of Maryland 78 OH - Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe 111 WV - West Virginia 13 CO - Denver-Aurora-Boulder 46 MA - Boston-Worcester-Manchester 79 OH - Dayton-Springfield-Greenville 112 WI - Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha 14 CO - Remainder of Colorado 47 MA - Remainder of Massachusetts 80 OH - Remainder of Ohio 113 WI - Remainder of Wisconsin 15 CT - New York-Newark-Bridgeport 48 MI - Detroit-Warren-Flint 81 OK - Oklahoma City-Shawnee 114 WY - Wyoming 16 CT - Remainder of Connecticut 49 MI - Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Hollan 82 OK - Tulsa-Bartlesville 115 AK - Anchorage Gateway 17 DE - Delaware 50 MI - Remainder of Michigan 83 OK - Remainder of Oklahoma 116 WA - Blaine Gateway 18 DC - Washington-Arlington-Alexandria 51 MN - Minneapolis-St Paul-St Cloud 84 OR - Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton 117 MN - International Falls Gateway 19 FL - Jacksonville 52 MN - Remainder of Minnesota 85 OR - Remainder of Oregon 118 NY - Alexandria Bay Gateway 20 FL - Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach 53 MS - Mississippi 86 PA - Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland 119 NY - Champlain/Rouses Point Gateway 21 FL - Orlando-The Villages 54 MO - Kansas City 87 PA - Pittsburgh-New Castle 120 ME - Portland Gateway 22 FL - Tampa-St Petersburg-Clearwater 55 MO - St Louis-St Charles-Farmington 88 PA - Remainder of Pennsylvania 121 SC - Charleston Gateway 23 FL - Remainder of Florida 56 MO - Remainder of Missouri 89 RI - Rhode Island 122 GA - Savannah Gateway 24 GA - Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville 57 MT - Montana 90 SC - Greenville-Anderson-Seneca 123 AL - Mobile Gateway 25 GA - Remainder of Georgia 58 NE - Nebraska 91 SC - Spartanburg-Gaffney-Union 124 LA - Baton Rouge Gateway 26 HI - Honolulu 59 NV - Las Vegas-Paradise-Pahrump 92 SC - Remainder of South Carolina 125 LA - Morgan City Gateway 27 HI - Remainder of Hawaii 60 NV - Remainder of Nevada 93 SD - South Dakota 126 LA - Lake Charles Gateway 28 ID - Idaho 61 NH - New Hampshire 94 TN - Memphis 127 TX - Beaumont Gateway 29 IL - Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City 62 NJ - New York-Newark-Bridgeport 95 TN - Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Columbia 128 TX - Corpus Christi Gateway 30 IL - St Louis 63 NJ - Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland 96 TN - Remainder of Tennessee 129 TX - Brownsville/Hidalgo Gateway 31 IL - Remainder of Illinois 64 NJ - Remainder of New Jersey 97 TX - Austin-Round Rock 130 TX - Laredo Gateway 32 IN - Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City 65 NM - New Mexico 98 TX - Dallas-Fort Worth 131 TX - El Paso Gateway 33 IN - Indianapolis-Anderson-Columbus 66 NY - Albany-Schenectady-Amsterdam 99 TX - Houston-Baytown-Huntsville Note that the first 114 regions are geographic areas covered by the CFS and the FAF and others are international gateways.
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ACRP Project No. 03-16 February 2010 Interim Report Table A-2.
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Airport Representatives Purpose of the Survey Air cargo is vital to global commerce and our nation's economic strength. To aid airports in fully understanding the benefits and the economic impact of air cargo to their communities, the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)
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General Information 1. Please provide contact information for the individual completing this survey.
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5. How many people are employed performing air cargo-related operations at your airport?
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9. What is the annual revenue of air cargo operations and passenger air transportation accruable to the airport (inclusive of all revenue-generating items)
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Airline Number of Pieces Volume (tons) Value ($)
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12. Of the air cargo at your airport, what are the top ten commodities being shipped (See Attachment A for commodity codes)
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Air Carrier Representatives Purpose of the Survey Air cargo is vital to global commerce and our nation's economic strength. To aid airports in fully understanding the benefits and the economic impact of air cargo to their communities, the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)
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From page 236... ...
2. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
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7. How would your customers respond to a sustained, long-term increase in the market price of belly cargo space (place one X in each column)
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Freight Forwarders / Air Transportation Service Providers Purpose of the Survey Air cargo is vital to global commerce and our nation's economic strength. To aid airports in fully understanding the benefits and the economic impact of air cargo to their communities, the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)
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2. How many of your employees are engaged in air cargo operations associated with [insert airport name]
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Volume Domestic International Total Inbound Outbound Total Market Response Information 9. Please distribute the volume (including all domestic and international, outbound and inbound)
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11. Please enter the volume totals from Question 9 in the base case column of the table below.
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13. Hypothetically speaking, suppose that air cargo services at [insert airport name]
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15. Among these air cargo shipments at [insert airport name]
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From page 244... ...
Attachment A – Commodity Codes Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 1 Live animals 2 Meat and edible meat offal 26 Ores, slag and ash 3 Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic invertebrates 27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 4 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 5 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or include 29 Organic chemicals 6 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 30 Pharmaceutical products 7 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 31 Fertilizers 8 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes, pigments and other coloring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks 9 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 10 Cereals 34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 37 Photographic or cinematographic goods 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 38 Miscellaneous chemical products 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 39 Plastics and articles thereof 2-B-16
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Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, mollusks or other aquatic invertebrates 40 Rubber and articles thereof 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut)
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Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use 83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rollingstock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signaling equipment of all kinds 63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof 64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 65 Headgear and parts thereof 89 Ships, boats and floating structures 66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walkingsticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 67 Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair 91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 69 Ceramic products 93 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof 70 Glass and glassware 94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like; prefabricated buildings 71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 72 Iron and steel 96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 73 Articles of iron or steel 97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 2-B-18
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Shippers & Industry Representatives Purpose of the Survey Air cargo is vital to global commerce and our nation's economic strength. To aid airports in fully understanding the benefits and the economic impact of air cargo to their communities, the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)
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From page 248... ...
2. How many people are employed in your company / industry within the [insert airport name]
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2. Shipments may also be coming or going multimodal, on rail or truck before or after it gets to an airport.
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10. Enter the volume total from Question 6b in the Base Case column of the table below.
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12. Hypothetically speaking, suppose that air cargo services at [insert airport name]
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From page 252... ...
14. Among these air cargo shipments at [insert airport name]
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Attachment A – Industry NAICs Codes 2-B-25
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Attachment B – Counties included in Airport Economic Region Sector Num. Sector 332 Air transportation 333 Rail transportation 334 Water transportation 335 Truck transportation 336 Transit and ground passenger transportation 337 Pipeline transportation 338 Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities for transportation 339 Couriers and messengers 340 Warehousing and storage 385 Facilities support services 386 Business support services 387 Investigation and security services 388 Services to buildings and dwellings 389 Other support services 390 Waste management and remediation services 429 Other Federal Government enterprises 430 State and local government passenger transit 431 State and local government electric utilities 432 Other state and local government enterprises 2-B-26
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Attachment C – Commodity Codes Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 1 Live animals 2 Meat and edible meat offal 26 Ores, slag and ash 3 Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic invertebrates 27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 4 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 5 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or include 29 Organic chemicals 6 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 30 Pharmaceutical products 7 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 31 Fertilizers 8 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; tannins and their derivatives; dyes, pigments and other coloring matter; paints and varnishes; putty and other mastics; inks 9 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 10 Cereals 34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 37 Photographic or cinematographic goods 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 38 Miscellaneous chemical products 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 39 Plastics and articles thereof 2-B-27
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Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, mollusks or other aquatic invertebrates 40 Rubber and articles thereof 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut)
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From page 257... ...
Commodity Code Commodity Commodity Code Commodity 59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use 83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rollingstock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signaling equipment of all kinds 63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof 64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 65 Headgear and parts thereof 89 Ships, boats and floating structures 66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walkingsticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 67 Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair 91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 69 Ceramic products 93 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof 70 Glass and glassware 94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates and the like; prefabricated buildings 71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 72 Iron and steel 96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 73 Articles of iron or steel 97 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 2-B-29
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Case Study 1 – Kansas City International Airport, Kansas City, MO MCI has served the needs of travelers to the Midwest for over 25 years. Opening in 1972, the airport is owned and operated by the city of Kansas City, Missouri.
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• Franklin County, KS • Johnson County, KS • Leavenworth County, KS • Linn County, KS • Miami County, KS • Wyandotte County, KS • Bates County, MO • Caldwell County, MO • Cass County, MO • Clay County, MO • Clinton County, MO • Jackson County, MO • Lafayette County, MO • Platte County, MO • Ray County, MO Airports play an essential role in supporting the growth of a metropolitan economy like the Kansas City region. They directly employ hundreds of workers and provide millions of dollars in direct economy activity and taxes and other revenues to local government.
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The multipliers are used to estimate changes in the regional economy that result from a change in activity relative to a baseline representation of the economy. The sources of the activity being measured vary, but typically involve changes in production or consumption activities, government policies, infrastructure, or changes in costs or technology.
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Estimating MCI's Air-Cargo Contribution to the Regional Economy This section summarizes the methods used to estimate MCI's current contribution to the regional economy. This effort quantifies the impact the air-cargo through the airport has on the economy at a particular moment in time, using input-output modeling and analysis recommended by the FAA (Butler and Kiernan 1992)
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Cargo-related employment for airlines and forwarders were estimated from survey responses, employment data from the airport, and analyses of other similar airports. Despite repeated attempts to gather employment data for several of the cargo-related categories listed above (customs agents, customs brokers, TSA, etc.)
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Table C-2. Using the Multipliers and an Estimate of the Number of Jobs the Final-demand Industry to Calculate Final-demand*
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From there, the number of direct jobs is divided by the direct jobs per $1 million in final demand to arrive at an estimated final demand, as shown in Table C-3. Table C-3.
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From page 266... ...
Table C-4. Estimated Economic Impact, Air Cargo Operations, MCI Regional Purchases (millions of dollars)
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Air Cargo Impacts to Regional Economy More difficult to quantify is the contribution of air cargo to the regional economy. However, it is generally agreed industries are concentrated within regions with direct access to air cargo operations.
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From page 268... ...
just over 7 percent of the weight of goods shipped by air in 2007. Other major commodities shipped via air include electronics and precision equipment, as shown in Table C-5.
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From page 269... ...
Cargo Screening and Jet Fuel Elasticity Modeling The effects of the 100-percent cargo screening rule and volatility in jet-fuel prices were analyzed and described in a separate chapter, with price models developed to estimate the elasticity of demand upon price changes from the increased costs of the additional cargo screening and the increase in the price of air cargo due to increases in jet-fuel prices. Cargo Screening Impacts The elasticity analysis noted that the cargo screening includes three effects to be captured in the I-O models applied at the case-study airports: • The reduced demand for air cargo modeled as a contraction in the industries engaged in air cargo operations • Increased output by air transportation engaged in air cargo screening activities • Increased output for air transportation companies due to overhead applied to air-cargo screening costs (this third impact serves to counterbalance the first effect)
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Table C-7. Air Cargo Screening Inputs for MCI I-O Modeling Grand Total Changes Lower Estimate Upper Estimate Air Transport ($15,854)
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Table C-9. Impacts of Jet Fuel Price Increases (10, 20, and 30 percent)
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From page 272... ...
and landings)
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This memo first describes the structure of the Louisville metropolitan economy in 2009, using a Louisville region-specific version of the IMPLAN impact analysis software.17 It then presents the methods used to estimate the air-cargo contribution to the economy, and finally presents estimates of economic impact of that air-cargo movement. The model is used to measure changes in the regional economy that result from a change in activity relative to a baseline representation of the economy.
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Table C-11. Top Ten Industries, Ranked by Employment Louisville Region, 2009 Code Description Employment Labor Income Output 413 Food services and drinking places 49,539 $1,022,839,000 $2,829,005,000 438 State & local govt, education 44,401 $2,489,589,000 $2,828,209,000 360 Real estate establishments 30,527 $285,869,900 $2,811,924,000 319 Wholesale trade businesses 27,909 $2,034,809,000 $5,337,690,000 394 Offices of physicians, dentists, and other health practitioners 22,438 $1,658,313,000 $2,806,253,000 397 Private hospitals 21,994 $1,353,499,000 $2,895,250,000 382 Employment services 20,393 $410,902,500 $599,624,600 339 Couriers and messengers 17,650 $1,341,379,000 $3,645,585,000 357 Insurance carriers 17,154 $1,308,918,000 $5,289,567,000 437 State & local govt, non-education 14,988 $776,938,200 $882,612,900 Source: MIG 2011a.
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From page 275... ...
The regional economic impacts of air cargo through SDF are directly related to the scale and composition of the air cargo forecasts (i.e., international versus domestic, and belly cargo versus all-cargo freighters)
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From page 276... ...
Employment data were provided by the airport authority and supplemented by the project surveys of air carriers. These combined data yielded the cargo-related employment estimates presented in the remainder of this section.
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From page 277... ...
Air Cargo Impacts to Regional Economy More difficult to quantify is the contribution of air cargo to the regional economy. However, it is generally agreed that industries are concentrated within regions with direct access to air cargo operations.
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From page 278... ...
Table C-15. Shipment Characteristics by Two-Digit Commodity and Mode of Transportation for Metropolitan Area of Origin: 2007 Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN (KY part)
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ratio in a comparison economy, identifying specializations in the local economy. An LQ value of 1.0 indicates that employment in an industry in the regional economy is in exactly the same proportion as the national average, an LQ value greater than 1.0 indicates that employment in the industry has a higher concentration that of the reference economy, and -- similarly -- an LQ value lower than 1.0 indicates a lower employment concentration in the industry than that of the reference economy.
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group is likely due to the presence of key Bank of America and Citicorp operations in the Louisville region. Though some of the data are suppressed for confidentiality reasons, we can explore the employment concentrations at the three-digit level for some codes, including NAICS codes 481 through 493, as shown in Table C-17.
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Table C-18. Estimation of Economic Activity Attributable to Presence of UPS' Worldport Operations LQ Percentage over Base Total Industry Employment "Extra" Employment due to presence of UPS' Worldport NAICS 484 Truck transportation 1.47 32.0% 10,741 3,434 NAICS 493 Warehousing and storage 2.25 55.6% 6,022 3,346 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011and MIG 2011a.
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From page 282... ...
Using the increased employment of 6,780 for the truck transportation and warehousing and storage industries from the LQ analysis, the impact of these economic activities includes a total impact of 13,345 jobs, with a total of over $595 million in labor income and total output of over $1.5 billion (Table C-20)
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From page 283... ...
the customer. These values reflect increased revenue/output to the air transportation and supporting industries.
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Table C-23. Economic Impact Associated with Cargo Screening Impact Type Employment Labor Income Value Added Output Lower Estimate Direct Effect -157.2 ($11,475,207)
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From page 285... ...
Applying these values to the on-airport operations yields the following results for the 10, 20, and 30-percent increases in jet-fuel prices. As shown in Table C-25, the reduction in output ranges from $52.3 million to $156.9 million for 10 percent and 30 percent increases in jet fuel prices, respectively.
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From page 286... ...
Applying the same reductions to the off-airport traded sector results in additional reductions in output ranging from $10.8 million to $32.5 million for 10 percent and 30 percent increases in jet fuel prices, respectively. Table C-26.
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From page 287... ...
As the 16th largest U.S. air cargo hub, IAH is an ideal consolidation and distribution point.
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From page 288... ...
The model is used to measure changes in the regional economy that result from a change in activity relative to a baseline representation of the economy. The sources of the activity being measured vary, but typically involve changes in production or consumption activities, government policies, infrastructure, or changes in costs or technology.
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From page 289... ...
Table C-27. Top Ten Industries, Ranked by Employment Houston Region, 2009 Code Description Employment Labor Income Output 438 State & local govt, education 206,200 $12,000,810,000 $13,633,090,000 413 Food services and drinking places 204,124 $4,454,105,000 $12,042,710,000 319 Wholesale trade businesses 155,329 $13,753,630,000 $35,985,460,000 360 Real estate establishments 144,085 $2,651,987,000 $26,323,530,000 20 Extraction of oil and natural gas 111,311 $20,697,070,000 $78,225,240,000 36 Construction of other new nonresidential structures 105,933 $5,846,335,000 $13,298,820,000 369 Architectural, engineering, and related services 105,312 $9,217,233,000 $15,180,520,000 382 Employment services 98,694 $3,023,581,000 $4,415,131,000 437 State & local govt, non-education 98,470 $5,406,622,000 $6,142,000,000 394 Offices of physicians, dentists, and other health practitioners 73,271 $6,001,712,000 $9,886,075,000 Source: MIG 2011b.
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From page 290... ...
Estimating IAH Air-Cargo Contribution to the Regional Economy This section summarizes the methods used to estimate IAH's current contribution to the regional economy. This effort quantifies the impact the air-cargo through the airport has on the economy at a particular moment in time, using input-output modeling and analysis recommended by the FAA (Butler and Kiernan 1992)
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From page 291... ...
Employment data were provided by the airport authority for the number of employees with security badges. These data were supplemented by the project surveys of air carriers and third-party cargo handling companies.
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From page 292... ...
this subtraction would grossly overstate the economic impacts of air cargo (i.e., the value of the goods shipped by air)
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From page 293... ...
Table C-31. Shipment Characteristics by Commodity for Air Transportation (including Truck and Air)
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From page 294... ...
other commodities not historically carried by railroads is not well-represented in the STCC, and there are several electronics-related manufacturing industries in IMPLAN. To select an appropriate industry, the first thing would be to evaluate total employment and output for a potential industry.
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From page 295... ...
The largest is the electronic computer manufacturing industry, with 6,496 employees and $8.4 billion in output. It is likely that the $6.5 billion of exported electronics are commodities produced by a combination of industries, including electronic computer manufacturing.
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From page 296... ...
For the most part, the electronics-related industries have similar levels of output-perworker and employee compensation-per-worker; however, levels for the electronic computer manufacturing industry are among the highest (at nearly $1.3 million average per-worker output and over $143,000 in average per-worker compensation)
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From page 297... ...
The $1.6 billion in electronic computer manufacturing and $1.5 billion in electronic component manufacturing have direct employment of over 10,700 employees, with over $1.1 billion in employee compensation and nearly $1.8 billion in value added, plus an additional 6,140 indirect employees, and another 9,240 induced employees. This $3.1 billion modeled in this example is but a portion of the nearly $17 billion in value of commodities exported from the Houston region, according to the FAF, and the over $7.2 billion in value of commodities exported from the Houston Airport, according to the Houston Airport System.
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From page 298... ...
Table C-36. Air Cargo Screening Inputs for I-O Models For Houston, the reductions in freight and counterbalancing increases in cargo screening impacts results in the direct impacts identified in Table C-37.
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From page 299... ...
Table C-38. Economic Impact Associated with Cargo Screening Impact Type Employment Labor Income Value Added Output Lower Estimate Direct Effect -1.2 ($1,416,321)
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From page 300... ...
Applying these values to the on-airport operations yields the results for the 10, 20, and 30-percent increases in jet-fuel prices presented in Table C-40. Table C-40.
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From page 301... ...
Applying the same reductions to the off-airport traded sector, results in the economic impacts estimated presented in Table C-41. Table C-41.
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From page 302... ...
Case Study 4 – John F Kennedy International Airport, New York, NY John F
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The 23-county New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA (NYC) MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the United States with 18,897,109 inhabitants as of 2010.22 That year it also had nation's largest metropolitan economy with a total GDP of $1.28 trillion dollars.23 It may come as no surprise then that the composition of the regional economy is more diversified and complex than most other regional economies in the U.S.
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From page 304... ...
Table C-42. Sector Payroll Location Quotient, Employment, and Payroll for NY MSA (New York Portion)
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From page 305... ...
At the finer level of three-digit NAICS codes (Table C-43) , white-collar professions continue to dominate.
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From page 306... ...
Table C-44. Top 20 Manufacturing Sectors in New York Portion of NYC MSA by Six-digit NAICS 6-Digit NAICS Description LQ Employment Payroll Average Payroll 315231 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Lingerie, Loungewear, and Nightwear Manufacturing 7.56 595 $45,065,064 $75,740 315233 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Dress Manufacturing 7.42 2,598 $207,840,150 $80,000 315234 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, Tailored Jacket, and Skirt Manufacturing 5.75 584 $52,955,634 $90,677 315993 Men's and Boys' Neckwear Manufacturing 5.46 245 $17,725,458 $72,349 339913 Jewelers' Material and Lapidary Work Manufacturing 4.29 739 $25,007,623 $33,840 315239 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Other Outerwear Manufacturing 4.22 2,059 $201,246,500 $97,740 339911 Jewelry (except Costume)
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From page 307... ...
New York City Area Freight (NY Portion) Freight Movements New York City MSA (NY Portion)
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From page 308... ...
Table C-45. Total Air Exports from NY Portion of NYC MSA, 2007 SCTG Total Out Air Total Tons in 2007 (Thousands)
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From page 309... ...
Table C-46. Employment and Payroll of Commodity-producing Industries by Commodity, New York State portion of NYC Metropolitan Area, 2007 SCTG Description LQ Emp.
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From page 310... ...
Table C-47 shows payroll of the production sectors that we have identified as producing goods for export via air freight. As described above, these are aggregate QCEW sectors related to the commodities shipped that have a location quotient greater than 0.3.
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From page 311... ...
Note that the gap between state and local tax revenues is generated largely via indirect business taxes. Table C-48.
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From page 312... ...
New York City MSA (NY Portion) Air Imports Table C-49 shows the total weight and value of goods shipped by air from the New York portion of the NYC MSA.
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From page 313... ...
the region is estimated to be generated by incoming JFK air freight. This amounts to 3,505 jobs and $310.0 million in payroll in the region's wholesale industry.
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From page 314... ...
the model's underlying data system estimated that more jobs should exist than suggested by the survey work. Given the already higher average pay of the Office administrative services industry, only the job count related to the Support activities for transportation was ratcheted downward.
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From page 315... ...
Table C-51. Total Economic Impacts of JFK Air Cargo Inflows on the New York Metropolitan Area Output ($Thousands)
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From page 316... ...
Case Study 5 – Reno-Tahoe International Airport, Reno, Nevada Reno-Tahoe International Airport (RNO) originally built in 1929 was named Hubbard Field.
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From page 317... ...
The Reno-Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Washoe County (Reno) and Storey County (Sparks)
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From page 318... ...
Table C-52. Employment, Payroll, and Payroll Location Quotients (LQs)
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From page 319... ...
financial vehicles; and Transit and ground passenger transportation; also have payroll location quotients above 2.0. Table C-53.
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From page 320... ...
Table C-54. The Ten Manufacturing Six-digit NAICS Sectors Most Highly Concentrated in the Reno-Sparks MSA, 2010 NAICS Description LQ Jobs Payroll (thousands)
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From page 321... ...
Table C-55 resulted. Note that less than 10 percent of all Reno-Sparks employment and just more than 10 percent of its aggregate payroll are engaged in producing the relevant commodities.
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From page 322... ...
Reno Area Air Freight Movements As was discussed previously, the analysis of air freight necessarily leaned on publically available data from FAF3. Many (74 to be precise)
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From page 323... ...
Reconciling originating shipments with local MSA production was a challenge. In fact it became immediately apparent since Pharmaceuticals – a top air freight export for the region according to the FAF3 – does not register as a major production sector in the QCEW data for Reno-Sparks (addressed below)
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From page 324... ...
Despite the lower threshold a disjoint clearly exists. After combining data from FAF3 and on local production capabilities, just $6.87 million of goods that are shipped out of RNO can derive from the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area.
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From page 325... ...
Table C-58. Total Economic Impacts of RNO Air Cargo Outflows on the Reno-Sparks Metropolitan Area Output ($Thousands)
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From page 326... ...
Table C-59. Air Freight (including Truck)
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From page 327... ...
Table C-60. Air Freight and Related Industries at RNO, 2011 Summary Jobs Payroll (Thousands)
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From page 328... ...
Table C-61. Total Economic Impacts of RNO Air Cargo Inflows on the Reno-Sparks Metropolitan Area Output ($Thousands)
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From page 329... ...
References ACI -- Airports Council International.
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From page 330... ...
Louisville Regional Airport Authority.
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From page 332... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 1 Live animals/fish 112111 Beef Cattle Ranching and Farming 1121A0 Cattle ranching and farming 1 Live animals/fish 112112 Cattle Feedlots 1121A0 Cattle ranching and farming 1 Live animals/fish 112130 Dual-Purpose Cattle Ranching and Farming 1121A0 Cattle ranching and farming 1 Live animals/fish 112210 Hog and Pig Farming 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112320 Broilers and Other Meat Type Chicken Production 112300 Poultry and egg production 1 Live animals/fish 112330 Turkey Production 112300 Poultry and egg production 1 Live animals/fish 112340 Poultry Hatcheries 112300 Poultry and egg production 1 Live animals/fish 112390 Other Poultry Production 112300 Poultry and egg production 1 Live animals/fish 112410 Sheep Farming 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112420 Goat Farming 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112511 Finfish Farming and Fish Hatcheries 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112519 Other Aquaculture 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112910 Apiculture 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112920 Horses and Other Equine Production 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112930 Fur-Bearing Animal and Rabbit Production 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 112990 All Other Animal Production 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 1 Live animals/fish 114111 Finfish Fishing 114100 Fishing 1 Live animals/fish 114119 Other Marine Fishing 114100 Fishing 1 Live animals/fish 115210 Support Activities for Animal Production 115000 Support activities for agriculture and forestry 2 Cereal grains 111140 Wheat Farming 1111B0 Grain farming 2 Cereal grains 111150 Corn Farming 1111B0 Grain farming 2 Cereal grains 111160 Rice Farming 1111B0 Grain farming 2 Cereal grains 111199 All Other Grain Farming 1111B0 Grain farming 3 Other ag prods. 111110 Soybean Farming 1111A0 Oilseed farming 3 Other ag prods.
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From page 333... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 3 Other ag prods. 111310 Orange Groves 1113A0 Fruit farming 3 Other ag prods.
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From page 334... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 4 Animal feed 311111 Dog and Cat Food Manufacturing 311111 Dog and cat food manufacturing 4 Animal feed 311119 Other Animal Food Manufacturing 311119 Other animal food manufacturing 5 Meat/seafood 112512 Shellfish Farming 112A00 Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs 5 Meat/seafood 114112 Shellfish Fishing 114100 Fishing 5 Meat/seafood 114210 Hunting and Trapping 114200 Hunting and trapping 5 Meat/seafood 311611 Animal (except Poultry) Slaughtering 31161A Animal (except poultry)
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From page 335... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 7 Other foodstuffs 112120 Dairy Cattle and Milk Production 112120 Dairy cattle and milk production 7 Other foodstuffs 311225 Fats and Oils Refining and Blending 311225 Fats and oils refining and blending 7 Other foodstuffs 311311 Sugarcane Mills 31131A Sugar cane mills and refining 7 Other foodstuffs 311312 Cane Sugar Refining 31131A Sugar cane mills and refining 7 Other foodstuffs 311313 Beet Sugar Manufacturing 311313 Beet sugar manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311320 Chocolate and Confectionery Manufacturing from Cacao Beans 311320 Chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans 7 Other foodstuffs 311330 Confectionery Manufacturing from Purchased Chocolate 311330 Confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate 7 Other foodstuffs 311340 Nonchocolate Confectionery Manufacturing 311340 Nonchocolate confectionery manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311411 Frozen Fruit, Juice, and Vegetable Manufacturing 311410 Frozen food manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311412 Frozen Specialty Food Manufacturing 311410 Frozen food manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311421 Fruit and Vegetable Canning 311420 Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying 7 Other foodstuffs 311422 Specialty Canning 311420 Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying 7 Other foodstuffs 311423 Dried and Dehydrated Food Manufacturing 311420 Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying 7 Other foodstuffs 311511 Fluid Milk Manufacturing 31151A Fluid milk and butter manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311512 Creamery Butter Manufacturing 31151A Fluid milk and butter manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311513 Cheese Manufacturing 311513 Cheese manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311514 Dry, Condensed, and Evaporated Dairy Product Manufacturing 311514 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy product manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311520 Ice Cream and Frozen Dessert Manufacturing 311520 Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311911 Roasted Nuts and Peanut Butter Manufacturing 311910 Snack food manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311919 Other Snack Food Manufacturing 311910 Snack food manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311920 Coffee and Tea Manufacturing 311920 Coffee and tea manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311930 Flavoring Syrup and Concentrate Manufacturing 311930 Flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing 2-D-4
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From page 336... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 7 Other foodstuffs 311941 Mayonnaise, Dressing, and Other Prepared Sauce Manufacturing 311940 Seasoning and dressing manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311942 Spice and Extract Manufacturing 311940 Seasoning and dressing manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 311999 All Other Miscellaneous Food Manufacturing 311990 All other food manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 312111 Soft Drink Manufacturing 312110 Soft drink and ice manufacturing 7 Other foodstuffs 312112 Bottled Water Manufacturing 312110 Soft drink and ice manufacturing 8 Alcoholic beverages 312120 Breweries 312120 Breweries 8 Alcoholic beverages 312130 Wineries 312130 Wineries 8 Alcoholic beverages 312140 Distilleries 312140 Distilleries 9 Tobacco prods. 312210 Tobacco Stemming and Redrying 3122A0 Tobacco product manufacturing 9 Tobacco prods.
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From page 337... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212324 Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining 212320 Sand, gravel, clay, and ceramic and refractory minerals mining and quarrying 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212325 Clay and Ceramic and Refractory Minerals Mining 212320 Sand, gravel, clay, and ceramic and refractory minerals mining and quarrying 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212391 Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212392 Phosphate Rock Mining 212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer Mineral Mining 212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 13 Nonmetallic minerals 212399 All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining 212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 14 Metallic ores 212210 Iron Ore Mining 212210 Iron ore mining 14 Metallic ores 212221 Gold Ore Mining 2122A0 Gold, silver, and other metal ore mining 14 Metallic ores 212222 Silver Ore Mining 2122A0 Gold, silver, and other metal ore mining 14 Metallic ores 212231 Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 212230 Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining 14 Metallic ores 212234 Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 212230 Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining 14 Metallic ores 212291 Uranium-RadiumVanadium Ore Mining 212210 Iron ore mining 14 Metallic ores 212299 All Other Metal Ore Mining 2122A0 Gold, silver, and other metal ore mining 14 Metallic ores 213114 Support Activities for Metal Mining 21311A Support activities for other mining 14 Metallic ores 213115 Support Activities for Nonmetallic Minerals (except Fuels) 21311A Support activities for other mining 15 Coal 212111 Bituminous Coal and Lignite Surface Mining 212100 Coal mining 15 Coal 212112 Bituminous Coal Underground Mining 212100 Coal mining 15 Coal 212113 Anthracite Mining 212100 Coal mining 15 Coal 213113 Support Activities for Coal Mining 21311A Support activities for other mining 16 Crude petroleum 211111 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 211000 Oil and gas extraction 16 Crude petroleum 211112 Natural Gas Liquid Extraction 211000 Oil and gas extraction 16 Crude petroleum 213111 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells 213111 Drilling oil and gas wells 16 Crude petroleum 213112 Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations 213112 Support activities for oil and gas operations 17 Gasoline 324110 Petroleum Refineries 324110 Petroleum refineries 2-D-6
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From page 338... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 19 Coal-n.e.c. 324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191 Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing 19 Coal-n.e.c.
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From page 339... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 23 Chemical prods. 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing 325320 Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing 23 Chemical prods.
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From page 340... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 24 Plastics/rubber 326130 Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging) , and Shape Manufacturing 326130 Laminated plastics plate, sheet (except packaging)
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From page 341... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 26 Wood prods. 321219 Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing 321219 Reconstituted wood product manufacturing 26 Wood prods.
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From page 342... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 28 Paper articles 322212 Folding Paperboard Box Manufacturing 322210 Paperboard container manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322213 Setup Paperboard Box Manufacturing 322210 Paperboard container manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322214 Fiber Can, Tube, Drum, and Similar Products Manufacturing 322210 Paperboard container manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322215 Nonfolding Sanitary Food Container Manufacturing 322210 Paperboard container manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322232 Envelope Manufacturing 322230 Stationery product manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322233 Stationery, Tablet, and Related Product Manufacturing 322230 Stationery product manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322291 Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing 322291 Sanitary paper product manufacturing 28 Paper articles 322299 All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing 322299 All other converted paper product manufacturing 29 Printed prods. 323110 Commercial Lithographic Printing 323110 Printing 29 Printed prods.
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From page 343... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 30 Textiles/leather 313222 Schiffli Machine Embroidery 313220 Narrow fabric mills and schiffli machine embroidery 30 Textiles/leather 313230 Nonwoven Fabric Mills 313230 Nonwoven fabric mills 30 Textiles/leather 313241 Weft Knit Fabric Mills 313240 Knit fabric mills 30 Textiles/leather 313249 Other Knit Fabric and Lace Mills 313240 Knit fabric mills 30 Textiles/leather 313311 Broadwoven Fabric Finishing Mills 313310 Textile and fabric finishing mills 30 Textiles/leather 313312 Textile and Fabric Finishing (except Broadwoven Fabric) Mills 313310 Textile and fabric finishing mills 30 Textiles/leather 313320 Fabric Coating Mills 313320 Fabric coating mills 30 Textiles/leather 314110 Carpet and Rug Mills 314110 Carpet and rug mills 30 Textiles/leather 314121 Curtain and Drapery Mills 314120 Curtain and linen mills 30 Textiles/leather 314129 Other Household Textile Product Mills 314120 Curtain and linen mills 30 Textiles/leather 314911 Textile Bag Mills 314910 Textile bag and canvas mills 30 Textiles/leather 314912 Canvas and Related Product Mills 314910 Textile bag and canvas mills 30 Textiles/leather 314991 Rope, Cordage, and Twine Mills 314990 All other textile product mills 30 Textiles/leather 314992 Tire Cord and Tire Fabric Mills 314990 All other textile product mills 30 Textiles/leather 314999 All Other Miscellaneous Textile Product Mills 314990 All other textile product mills 30 Textiles/leather 315111 Sheer Hosiery Mills 315100 Apparel knitting mills 30 Textiles/leather 315119 Other Hosiery and Sock Mills 315100 Apparel knitting mills 30 Textiles/leather 315191 Outerwear Knitting Mills 315100 Apparel knitting mills 30 Textiles/leather 315192 Underwear and Nightwear Knitting Mills 315100 Apparel knitting mills 30 Textiles/leather 315211 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Apparel Contractors 315210 Cut and sew apparel contractors 30 Textiles/leather 315212 Women's, Girls', and Infants' Cut and Sew Apparel Contractors 315210 Cut and sew apparel contractors 30 Textiles/leather 315221 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Underwear and Nightwear Manufacturing 315220 Men's and boys' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315222 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, and Overcoat Manufacturing 315220 Men's and boys' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315223 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Shirt (except Work Shirt)
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From page 344... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 30 Textiles/leather 315225 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Work Clothing Manufacturing 315220 Men's and boys' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315228 Men's and Boys' Cut and Sew Other Outerwear Manufacturing 315220 Men's and boys' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315231 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Lingerie, Loungewear, and Nightwear Manufacturing 315230 Women's and girls' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315232 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Blouse and Shirt Manufacturing 315230 Women's and girls' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315233 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Dress Manufacturing 315230 Women's and girls' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315234 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Suit, Coat, Tailored Jacket, and Skirt Manufacturing 315230 Women's and girls' cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315239 Women's and Girls' Cut and Sew Other Outerwear Manufacturing 315290 Other cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315291 Infants' Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing 315290 Other cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315292 Fur and Leather Apparel Manufacturing 315290 Other cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315299 All Other Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing 315290 Other cut and sew apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315991 Hat, Cap, and Millinery Manufacturing 315900 Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315992 Glove and Mitten Manufacturing 315900 Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315993 Men's and Boys' Neckwear Manufacturing 315900 Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 315999 Other Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing 315900 Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316110 Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing 316100 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 30 Textiles/leather 316211 Rubber and Plastics Footwear Manufacturing 316200 Footwear manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316212 House Slipper Manufacturing 316200 Footwear manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316213 Men's Footwear (except Athletic) Manufacturing 316200 Footwear manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316214 Women's Footwear (except Athletic)
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From page 345... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 30 Textiles/leather 316219 Other Footwear Manufacturing 316200 Footwear manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316991 Luggage Manufacturing 316900 Other leather and allied product manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316992 Women's Handbag and Purse Manufacturing 316900 Other leather and allied product manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316993 Personal Leather Good (except Women's Handbag and Purse) Manufacturing 316900 Other leather and allied product manufacturing 30 Textiles/leather 316999 All Other Leather Good and Allied Product Manufacturing 316900 Other leather and allied product manufacturing 31 Nonmetal min.
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From page 346... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 31 Nonmetal min. prods.
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From page 347... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 32 Base metals 331491 Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding 331490 Nonferrous metal (except copper and aluminum)
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From page 348... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 33 Articles-base metal 332312 Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing 332310 Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332313 Plate Work Manufacturing 332310 Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332321 Metal Window and Door Manufacturing 332320 Ornamental and architectural metal products manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332322 Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing 332320 Ornamental and architectural metal products manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332323 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing 332320 Ornamental and architectural metal products manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332410 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing 332410 Power boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332420 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing 332420 Metal tank (heavy gauge)
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From page 349... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 33 Articles-base metal 332912 Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing 33291A Valve and fittings other than plumbing 33 Articles-base metal 332913 Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing 332913 Plumbing fixture fitting and trim manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332919 Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 33291A Valve and fittings other than plumbing 33 Articles-base metal 332991 Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing 332991 Ball and roller bearing manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332996 Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing 332996 Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332997 Industrial Pattern Manufacturing 33299C Other fabricated metal manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332998 Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware Manufacturing 33299C Other fabricated metal manufacturing 33 Articles-base metal 332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing 33299C Other fabricated metal manufacturing 34 Machinery 333111 Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333111 Farm machinery and equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333112 Lawn and Garden Tractor and Home Lawn and Garden Equipment Manufacturing 333112 Lawn and garden equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333120 Construction Machinery Manufacturing 333120 Construction machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333131 Mining Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333130 Mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333132 Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 333130 Mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333210 Sawmill and Woodworking Machinery Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333220 Plastics and Rubber Industry Machinery Manufacturing 333220 Plastics and rubber industry machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333291 Paper Industry Machinery Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333292 Textile Machinery Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333293 Printing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333294 Food Product Machinery Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333295 Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing 333295 Semiconductor machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333298 All Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing 33329A Other industrial machinery manufacturing 2-D-18
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From page 350... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 34 Machinery 333312 Commercial Laundry, Drycleaning, and Pressing Machine Manufacturing 33331A Vending, commercial, industrial, and office machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333411 Air Purification Equipment Manufacturing 33341A Air purification and ventilation equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333412 Industrial and Commercial Fan and Blower Manufacturing 33341A Air purification and ventilation equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333414 Heating Equipment (except Warm Air Furnaces) Manufacturing 333414 Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces)
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From page 351... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 34 Machinery 333912 Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing 333912 Air and gas compressor manufacturing 34 Machinery 333913 Measuring and Dispensing Pump Manufacturing 333911 Pump and pumping equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333921 Elevator and Moving Stairway Manufacturing 333920 Material handling equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333922 Conveyor and Conveying Equipment Manufacturing 333920 Material handling equipment manufacturing 34 Machinery 333991 Power-Driven Handtool Manufacturing 333991 Power-driven handtool manufacturing 34 Machinery 333992 Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing 33399A Other general purpose machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333993 Packaging Machinery Manufacturing 333993 Packaging machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 333994 Industrial Process Furnace and Oven Manufacturing 333994 Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing 34 Machinery 333995 Fluid Power Cylinder and Actuator Manufacturing 33399B Fluid power process machinery 34 Machinery 333996 Fluid Power Pump and Motor Manufacturing 33399B Fluid power process machinery 34 Machinery 333999 All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing 33399A Other general purpose machinery manufacturing 34 Machinery 335311 Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing 335311 Power, distribution, and specialty transformer manufacturing 34 Machinery 335312 Motor and Generator Manufacturing 335312 Motor and generator manufacturing 35 Electronics 327113 Porcelain Electrical Supply Manufacturing 32711A Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing 35 Electronics 333311 Automatic Vending Machine Manufacturing 33331A Vending, commercial, industrial, and office machinery manufacturing 35 Electronics 333313 Office Machinery Manufacturing 33331A Vending, commercial, industrial, and office machinery manufacturing 35 Electronics 333319 Other Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing 333319 Other commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 35 Electronics 334111 Electronic Computer Manufacturing 334111 Electronic computer manufacturing 35 Electronics 334112 Computer Storage Device Manufacturing 334112 Computer storage device manufacturing 35 Electronics 334113 Computer Terminal Manufacturing 33411A Computer terminals and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing 2-D-20
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From page 352... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 35 Electronics 334119 Other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing 33411A Computer terminals and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing 35 Electronics 334210 Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing 334210 Telephone apparatus manufacturing 35 Electronics 334220 Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334220 Broadcast and wireless communications equipment 35 Electronics 334290 Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing 334290 Other communications equipment manufacturing 35 Electronics 334310 Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing 334300 Audio and video equipment manufacturing 35 Electronics 334411 Electron Tube Manufacturing 334411 Electron tube manufacturing 35 Electronics 334412 Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 334412 Bare printed circuit board manufacturing 35 Electronics 334413 Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 334413 Semiconductor and related device manufacturing 35 Electronics 334414 Electronic Capacitor Manufacturing 33441A Electronic capacitor, resistor, coil, transformer, and other inductor manufacturing 35 Electronics 334415 Electronic Resistor Manufacturing 33441A Electronic capacitor, resistor, coil, transformer, and other inductor manufacturing 35 Electronics 334416 Electronic Coil, Transformer, and Other Inductor Manufacturing 33441A Electronic capacitor, resistor, coil, transformer, and other inductor manufacturing 35 Electronics 334417 Electronic Connector Manufacturing 334417 Electronic connector manufacturing 35 Electronics 334418 Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly) Manufacturing 334418 Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly)
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From page 353... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 35 Electronics 335314 Relay and Industrial Control Manufacturing 335314 Relay and industrial control manufacturing 35 Electronics 335911 Storage Battery Manufacturing 335911 Storage battery manufacturing 35 Electronics 335912 Primary Battery Manufacturing 335912 Primary battery manufacturing 35 Electronics 335921 Fiber Optic Cable Manufacturing 335920 Communication and energy wire and cable manufacturing 35 Electronics 335929 Other Communication and Energy Wire Manufacturing 335920 Communication and energy wire and cable manufacturing 35 Electronics 335931 Current-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335930 Wiring device manufacturing 35 Electronics 335932 Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device Manufacturing 335930 Wiring device manufacturing 35 Electronics 335991 Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing 335991 Carbon and graphite product manufacturing 35 Electronics 335999 All Other Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing 335999 All other miscellaneous electrical equipment and component manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 333924 Industrial Truck, Tractor, Trailer, and Stacker Machinery Manufacturing 333920 Material handling equipment manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336111 Automobile Manufacturing 336111 Automobile manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336112 Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336112 Light truck and utility vehicle manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336120 Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336120 Heavy duty truck manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336211 Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336211 Motor vehicle body manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336212 Truck Trailer Manufacturing 336212 Truck trailer manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336213 Motor Home Manufacturing 336213 Motor home manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336214 Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing 336214 Travel trailer and camper manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336311 Carburetor, Piston, Piston Ring, and Valve Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336312 Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336321 Vehicular Lighting Equipment Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336322 Other Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2-D-22
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From page 354... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 36 Motorized vehicles 336330 Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336340 Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336350 Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336360 Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336370 Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336391 Motor Vehicle AirConditioning Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336399 All Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336991 Motorcycle, Bicycle, and Parts Manufacturing 336991 Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336992 Military Armored Vehicle, Tank, and Tank Component Manufacturing 336992 Military armored vehicle, tank, and tank component manufacturing 36 Motorized vehicles 336999 All Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing 336999 All other transportation equipment manufacturing 37 Transport equip.
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From page 355... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 37 Transport equip. 336611 Ship Building and Repairing 336611 Ship building and repairing 37 Transport equip.
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From page 356... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 38 Precision instruments 339116 Dental Laboratories 339116 Dental laboratories 39 Furniture 335110 Electric Lamp Bulb and Part Manufacturing 335110 Electric lamp bulb and part manufacturing 39 Furniture 335121 Residential Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing 335120 Lighting fixture manufacturing 39 Furniture 335122 Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Electric Lighting Fixture Manufacturing 335120 Lighting fixture manufacturing 39 Furniture 335129 Other Lighting Equipment Manufacturing 335120 Lighting fixture manufacturing 39 Furniture 337121 Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing 337121 Upholstered household furniture manufacturing 39 Furniture 337122 Nonupholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing 337122 Nonupholstered wood household furniture manufacturing 39 Furniture 337124 Metal Household Furniture Manufacturing 33712A Metal and other household furniture (except wood) manufacturing 39 Furniture 337125 Household Furniture (except Wood and Metal)
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From page 357... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 40 Misc.
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From page 358... ...
SCTG SCTG Description NAICS NAICS Description I-O I-O Description 40 Misc.
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Key Terms
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