Naturalistic Driving Study: Field Data Collection (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 23-68
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23 Summary of Key Tasks and Performance This chapter summarizes the major tasks and activities conducted by the six study centers during the NDS. The topics covered in the following sections include 1.
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24 Table 3.1 also shows the elapsed time (days) from application submission to IRB approval to provide realistic timelines for the process as it transpired across all sites.
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25 The study center site certification occurred only after IRB approval was obtained, the Certificate of Confidentiality was in place, and a site visit was conducted. The initial installation date is provided for each site (for reference)
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26 Communication with the IRB before an application is prepared and submitted is important to help the researchers prepare for the level of IRB review (full or expedited) that is most appropriate.
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27 Table 3.3. Amendments to IRB Documentation and Dates Approved Item VT IRB Buffalo and Durham NAS IRB Bloomington Seattle State College Tampa Amendment 1.
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28 • Be covered by liability insurance; • Be currently registered; and • Not be driven where cameras are not allowed (i.e., military bases and U.S. border crossings)
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29 • $50 battery reimbursement if vehicle battery failed the voltage test before installation. (One site offered up to $100 gas card for battery replacement.)
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30 young recruiter (formally and informally) attended university and community events to distribute project materials (flyers and promotional items)
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31 Table 3.6. Examples of Recruiting Methods Included in "Other" Category "Other" Recruiting Methods Venue Study Center Exhibits/display tables (with DAS or possibly with DAS-equipped vehicle)
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32 At the Bloomington site, free advertisements were posted on university and local community colleges' online bulletin boards at 2-month intervals with the message tailored to 18–25-year-olds. These university ads were also very successful with individuals in the 36–65 age groups who were well acquainted with research and the university and were willing to contribute to a project deemed scientifically worthy.
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33 basic vehicles later became acceptable, people at the senior center were not interested in hearing about the lower restrictions. The lesson learned was that there is only one chance to make a first impression.
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34 2.2 million people, but only 250,000 were in the primary study area. Thus, these methods of advertisement were not considered to have an adequate return on investment.
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35 hard-to-reach groups were the radio ads targeted at those age groups. Across all ages, the best recruiting methods were the radio ads, Craigslist (used late 2010 to early 2011)
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36 • Other adult drivers of installed vehicle are considered "secondary" drivers (with consent dated and a photo obtained) but are not counted in participant age group totals.
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37 Figure 3.3. Timeline of recruitment activities in Tampa relative to participants installed from Dec.
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38 Table 3.7. Reasons Recruits Did Not Become Participants Reason Comments Recruit could not be contacted Schedulers made six attempts for both Buffalo and Tampa recruits (varying the times of day and days of the week that attempts were made)
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39 • Focus advertising toward larger newspapers which have more readers as opposed to multiple smaller avenues (such as playbills at arts centers)
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40 Participant Intake Process This section describes the sequence of steps that made up the participant intake process. When the participant arrived at the study center, the assessor greeted the individual, verified his or her identity (via driver's license photograph)
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41 Figure 3.4 shows an illustration of the clock drawing test: the drawing on the right is appropriate while the drawing on the left suggests a possible Alzheimer's or dementia-related issue. Figure 3.5 shows the instrumentation used for the vision and grip strength tests.
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42 Table 3.10. Participant Assessment Tests Assessment Test Name Test Description or Purpose Notes Clock drawing test Indicator of Alzheimer's or other dementia Participant draws clock face and indicates time "ten minutes after eleven" Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II V.5)
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43 Table 3.11. Participant Surveys No.
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44 participants were unsure if volunteering within their community should be considered work. Some survey questions contained obvious bias regarding alternative lifestyles that many participants found ridiculous or even offensive, and again, some did not contain relevant options.
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45 Installation Process The DAS components are shown in the schematic provided in Figure 3.6. The major DAS components were • Head unit to be mounted on the front windshield near the rearview mirror.
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46 required front license plates (Buffalo and Seattle)
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47 • The vehicle was driven to the reserved parking spot, and the participant was asked to sign the after-installation checklist document. • The participant was given a letter to keep in the glove box in case of questioning from the police about the equipment and was free to go.
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48 participants would show up)
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49 Table 3.13. Number of Installations by Month at Each Study Center (continued)
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50 Table 3.14. Installation Appointment Statistics -- Totals for All Study Centers Year Month Appointments Scheduled Number of Cancellations and No-Shows Number of Vehicles Rejected at Site Percentage of Cancellations and No-Shows (By Month)
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51 Figure 3.10. Number of installation appointments per month.
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52 Figure 3.11. Cumulative percentage of no-shows and cancellations at four study centers.
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53 available for activities in the shop. Also of note are the least squares fits to the data.
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54 • It is important to record as accurately as possible the condition of the vehicle (as determined during the preinstallation vehicle inspection and the installation process)
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55 Table 3.16. Number of Participant Vehicles by Make at Each Study Center Vehicle Make Bloomington Buffalo Durham Seattle State College Tampa Total Acura 0 1 4 8 0 4 17 Audi 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 BMW 0 3 3 1 0 1 8 Buick 7 17 5 7 4 5 45 Cadillac 1 0 3 9 1 4 18 Chevrolet 18 117 27 30 33 40 265 Chrysler 2 7 5 9 1 4 28 Dodge 2 19 4 10 3 16 54 Ford 25 125 92 105 36 116 499 Geo 1 0 2 1 2 0 6 GMC 5 5 5 4 0 6 25 Honda 35 63 91 110 39 103 441 Hyundai 19 38 22 51 13 77 220 Infiniti 1 2 1 4 0 4 12 Jeep 5 10 9 14 6 9 53 Kia 13 26 12 24 8 22 105 Lexus 0 3 4 6 0 7 20 Lincoln 0 3 4 0 0 3 10 Mazda 6 9 14 18 4 13 64 Mercedes 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 Mercury 4 18 6 13 3 9 53 Mini 0 0 2 4 0 0 6 Mitsubishi 1 4 4 2 0 10 21 Nissan 13 60 46 63 19 84 285 Oldsmobile 0 4 0 3 0 1 8 Plymouth 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 Pontiac 11 35 6 10 5 12 79 Saab 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 Saturn 1 18 7 9 5 19 59 Scion 1 5 4 5 0 4 19 Subaru 4 11 5 29 4 4 57 Suzuki 0 2 5 1 0 2 10 Toyota 72 147 139 159 79 186 782 Volkswagen 6 7 7 16 4 7 47 Volvo 0 1 4 6 1 4 16 Unknown 2 9 1 5 0 2 19 Total 255 769 545 739 273 781 3,362
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56 Figure 3.16. Number of study center vehicles by vehicle designation for four sites.
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57 would participate for 24 months, providing a total of 3,102 participants and 46,800 participant-months (or 3,900 data-years) in the field (Campbell 2010)
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58 These tickets were vehicle centric (identifying problems with specific vehicles) as opposed to issue centric (identifying all vehicles with a specific problem)
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59 As might be expected, it was much easier to get participants to return phone calls and schedule appointments when they were owed a payment for participation. Therefore, even if their drive still had storage capacity, if a payment was due (and it was thought that the drive would fill up before another payment was due)
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60 (radio-frequency interference)
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61 Table 3.19. Examples of Participant Vehicle Maintenance Issues Addressed by NDS Technicians Category Examples Communication/telemetry issue Communication issues, errors, or no communication for some time Failure to transmit advanced health checks NextGen computer not showing in database Camera/video issue Front, face, and/or hands video not available or blurry Hands camera obscured; hands video upside down Front or face camera obscured Rear, hands, or face camera misaligned All four video views unavailable Administrative request Object hanging from mirror or other requests not requiring visit to vehicle General maintenance DAS computer (NextGen)
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62 second was incidental notifications from participants, either when they spoke with research staff during appointment scheduling or when SSDs were swapped and equipment was repaired. (These were usually lower-level crashes, and the participant assumed it was not necessary to contact the study center.)
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63 So far, by reviewing the vehicle data, VTTI has confirmed the occurrence of 372 crashes. As the review of the vehicle data continues, additional crashes can be expected to be identified.
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64 a roadway or freeway with no cross streets. In these cases the vehicle GPS position at the time of the crash would have been a valuable input to the crash investigation.
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65 unreported events may have been simple curb strikes which were discounted by participants. Deinstallations DAS deinstallation activities during the NDS could be divided into the following two categories: • Deinstallations that routinely occurred during the course of the program.
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66 connected)
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67 DAS Equipment Condition Some issues concerning the DAS equipment and vehicle condition were discovered by study center technicians during the end-of-program deinstallations: • The Durham study center reported two participants had added after-market stereo equipment to their vehicles after the installation of the DAS equipment. The stereo equipment installer had spliced into the power line going to the DAS.
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68 assessment area to complete two exit surveys. The first exit survey asks participants to assess their stress level during study, whether it affected their driving, and if their driving was altered or restricted.
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