Sustainability Strategies Addressing Supply-Chain Air Emissions (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 56-65
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From page 56... ...
56 Demand for freight transport and resulting air emissions are affected by a broad range of public policies and regulations that may pertain to the economy, industry, regional development, energy, land use, safety, recycling, and air emissions. These policies and regulations have the potential to result in unforeseen and unintended impacts on air emissions.
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57 6.1 Unintended Consequences -- Evidence from Literature Balancing CAP vs. GHG Emissions A key issue for regulators, carriers, and shippers is that CAP and GHG emissions do not always respond in tandem to emissions reduction efforts.
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58 less likely to have unintended or undesirable consequences (Hanjin, 2011)
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59 airlines is relatively modest (Malina, 2012; Schröder, 2008)
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60 25 or more annual visits to a California port. By 2014, the State of California requires that for 50% of container ship visits, vessels must either rely on shore power while ships are berthed at California ports, or make use of an equivalent emissions-reduction option.
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61 Reasons, CARB considers this to be a small proportion of the overall transportation costs (estimated at about 1%) of a voyage from Asia to the U.S.
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62 are mostly driven by concerns in Southern California where CAP emissions concerns are particularly acute, yet the EPA rules will apply nationwide. Industry Views of Potential Local Regulatory Impacts on Operations Industry views on the impacts of regulation on operations vary.
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63 Pacific Coast ports maintained exactly the same share (53%) of total U.S.
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64 benefits. Many have not achieved their mode shift targets.
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From page 65... ...
65 between $200,000 and $550,000 per ton of container ship PM removed, making this regulation particularly expensive. Part of the reason for the high costs of emissions reduction under this rule is that the previously adopted regulations for auxiliary diesel engines had already reduced PM emissions from hoteling ships by 70% (California EPA, 2007)
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